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LID opportunities in park lands (view source)

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'''<h3>[[LID opportunities in parks]]</h3>'''  [[File:Example.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|The bioretention area installed at O’Connor Park
#REDIRECT [[LID opportunities on public land]]
in Mississauga is part of a stormwater management system
that treats parking lot runoff prior to discharging to a local
wetland. (Source: CVC)]]
 
Parks range from simple parcels of municipal property to
complex outdoor recreational facilities that include parking,
sidewalks, trails, sports fields, field houses, operations
facilities, and washrooms. Each distinct area of your site can
be a source for runoff (referred to as a ‘source area’). These
areas should be targeted when introducing LID in your park.
<br><br>
'''<h4>Targeting hard surfaces</h4>'''
Hard surfaces like parking lots and internal driveways are the
most obvious areas to target for both stormwater quality and
water balance improvements. These features produce more
runoff than any other area on your site. Water quality of runoff
from parking lots and driveways is typically more polluted
than other source areas. Common water quality concerns
include sand and salt from winter de-icing operations, and
hydrocarbons (gasoline) and metals from vehicle breakdowns
Runoff from vegetated areas of parks will be relatively
clean and more closely match the natural water balance.
On municipal park properties, hard surfaces are usually
located adjacent to pervious areas such as lawns, gardens or naturalized areas. This makes an ideal location for a LID
retrofit. Where grading allows, you can construct bioswales
and bioretention areas in these green areas to pre-treat water
prior to infiltration.
You can also design parking surfaces and internal roadways
as infiltration systems using permeable pavement. This retrofit
strategy can be combined with other LID practices.
A pedestrian pathway paved with permeable pavement
is another LID option for your park. They will reduce runoff
volumes and encourage on-site infiltration. Pervious pipes
are a viable option on many parks sites as well. They can be
an alternative to conventional conveyance systems such as
storm sewers. They encourage infiltration from hard surfaces
and can be used to convey water to other LID features.
<br> <br>
'''<h4>Accepting drainage from off-site areas</h4>'''  [[File:Example1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Urban parkettes may look small, but they have
the potential to treat a large surface area of road. Typical ratios
of impervious drainage area to bioretention range from 5:1 to
15:1. (Source: CVC)]]
 
Does municipally owned land drain into your retrofit site? If
so, this is an opportunity to provide stormwater controls for
these areas.
Roads are the most common source of runoff from external
properties into parks. Treating municipal road runoff in a park
requires planning input from municipal roads department
staff. For these projects, the team must understand how all
roads activities, including winter maintenance and potential
roadwork, will affect the operation of LID practices in the park.
<br><br>
'''<h4>Inter-municipal transfer of funds</h4>''' Integrating LID practices into the municipal stormwater
management framework may change how municipal funds are
managed. Traditional stormwater management maintenance
resources and funds may have to be transferred to a more landscape-based stormwater management maintenance program. Instead of infrequent but expensive stormwater management pond sediment removal operations, time and
resources will be spent on more frequent but inexpensive maintenance projects including pruning and weeding bioretention practices or sweeping permeable pavement.
Municipalities generally have the required staff and infrastructure within departments (e.g. arborist and horticulturalists in parks departments) to manage the maintenance of LID measures; however, funding this maintenance may require a transfer of funding and additional
training.
The federal Gas Tax Fund (GTF) is another funding option for
funding LID retrofits. This is a federal transfer that provides
long term funding for municipalities to build and revitalize
public infrastructure. Up to 30% of municipalities yearly GTF
allotment can be used towards stormwater management.
<br><br>
 
'''<h4>Source Areas</h4>'''  [[File:Example3.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|The road surface (left) contributes significantly
more stormwater pollutants than the parkland area (right). To
achieve maximum watershed benefit a designer could consider
accepting runoff from this external area. (Source: CVC)]]
The LID option that best fits your site will depend what types
of source areas are present. Types of source areas include:
• Active use area
• Passive use area
• Pedestrian walkway
• Internal driveway
• Parking lot
On park sites, pollution prevention is often associated with
changes to operations and maintenance practices and has
not been included in Table 3.3.1. An aerial photo of a park
with each of these source areas accompanies Table 3.3.1.
Options and implementation strategies for a few of these
source areas will give you some ideas for your park site.
{| class="wikitable"
|colspan="9" style="text-align: center;|'''[[LID Options for Parks]]'''
|-
| Source area || Permeable pavement || Bioretention || Enhanced grassed swales || Bioswales || Soakaways and infiltration chambers || Perforated pipe system || Landscape alternatives || Prefabricated modules
|-
| Active use area ||style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| o || style="text-align: center;|* || style="text-align: center;|* || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|* ||style="text-align: center;| o ||style="text-align: center;| o
|-
| Passive use area ||style="text-align: center;| o || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| **
|-style="text-align: center;|
| Pedestrian walkway || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| * || style="text-align: center;|* || style="text-align: center;|o
|-
| Internal driveway || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|o ||style="text-align: center;| *
|-
| Parking lot ||style="text-align: center;| ** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** || style="text-align: center;|** ||style="text-align: center;| o || style="text-align: center;|**
 
|-
!colspan="3" style="background:cyan; color:black"| '''** Common option'''
!colspan="3" style="background: orange; color: black"|'''* Possible option'''
!colspan="3" style="background: brown; color: white"|'''o Unlikely'''
|}
'''<h3>[[Making it happen: Approaches to getting LID into parks]] </h3>'''
 
The scale of your LID project will largely determine how you
will proceed. This guide provides two tiers of LID park retrofit
projects. You can usually complete small-scale LID projects
with in-house expertise and resources. Large-scale projects
will require external support from consultants and contractors.
 
'''<h4>Small-scale projects</h4>''' [[File:Example4.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|A no-mow zone is a landscape alternative that
does not require construction activities. (Source: Aquafor Beech)]]
Starting with small-scale projects is a good strategy to
increase public interest in LID practices, gauge municipal
support, and gain experience. Small-scale projects include
retrofitting your parks site with landscape alternatives or rain
barrels, or using pollution prevention strategies and practices.<br>
Small-scale projects require fewer resources and require a
smaller project budget because:
* They do not require integration into capital works projects
* Engineering consultants are not required
* Contractors may not be not required
* External approvals are not required
* Consultation with the public is limited
Due to the less significant financial commitment, it can be
easier to build colleague and supervisor support for small-scale
projects.<br>
Small-scale projects like landscape alternatives and pollution
prevention may not be easily identified as LID practices by
the public. Your project team should consider establishing
educational signage to inform the public.<br>
'''<h4>Large-scale projects</h4>'''
Large-scale projects require significantly more effort, budget,
and staff than small-scale projects. Large-scale LID projects
include:
*Bioretention
* Enhanced grass swales
* Bioswales
* Perforated pipe systems
* Permeable pavement
* Soakaways
* Infiltration chambers
* Rainwater harvesting (excluding rain barrels)
* Prefabricated modules <br>
Consider a large-scale project if your municipality or
department would like to be a leader in sustainability. Largescale
projects are often highly visible and attract more public
attention. Large-scale projects may also be the only solution to
site-specific challenges. For example, if the parking lot on your
site does not have existing stormwater controls, small-scale
projects are not likely to fully achieve compliance with water
quality and quantity objectives. Consider using an infiltration
chamber or bioswale project to meet those objectives.
Before starting a large-scale retrofit project, consider the
following distinctions that set these retrofits apart from smallscale
projects.<br>
'''<h4>Integration with capital works programs</h4>'''
Most large-scale LID retrofits must function with existing
site infrastructure, such as storm sewers, catch basins,
and pavement systems. The construction of large-scale
LID practices often requires these systems to be removed,
exposed, or replaced. The best time for this type of project to
occur is when an infrastructure replacement or rehabilitation
project is already planned.
For example, installing bioretention, infiltration chambers,
or permeable pavement in a parking lot requires removal of
existing pavement. Budget and resources set aside for parking lot replacement could be transferred to a retrofit project that
includes replacement of this infrastructure.<br>
'''<h4>Involvement of consultants and contractors</h4>'''
Consultants are required for large-scale retrofit projects,
specifically for the final screening of options, pre-design,
detailed design, tender and contract documents, construction
supervision and administration, and assumption and
verification. Site contractors are also required for large-scale LID retrofits.
Ideally, contractors should be pre-qualified based on previous
experience with similar LID projects.
<br>
'''<h4>More intensive public consultation</h4>'''
Stakeholders must be closely involved in the retrofit process
for large-scale LID projects. These projects have longer
construction windows, may have significant impacts on longterm
public use patterns of the park, and will cost significantly
more taxpayer dollars.
Gaining public insight in advance of LID implementation can
help address public concerns and information gaps, as well as
identify public supporters and champions. Public consultation
can help designers tailor the project to address community
concerns and values. [[File:Example5.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|When installing new parks equipment, consider whether the LID practices can be integrated into the design. Here a
bioswale has been built into the landscape between a playground and sidewalk. (Source: CVC)]]
 
'''<h4>External approvals</h4>'''
Large-scale park retrofits may require a variety of approvals
at the municipal, watershed, provincial, and/or federal level.
Since LID is still relatively new, you may encounter policies
or bylaws that present barriers to LID retrofit projects.
Alternatively, the municipality may have to enforce some
policies and bylaws to facilitate the implementation of LID
projects within parks.
<br>
'''<h4>Next Steps</h4>'''
After reading this chapter you should know how to select the
right LID practice for your site. You should also be familiar
with the details you need to consider before undertaking an
LID retrofit.
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