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~~Section 8~~.2 - 8.~~9 content text (only)~~

[[File:Water test permeabel pavement.PNG|thumb|600px|A simulated storm event test taking place on [[permeable pavement|porous concrete]] to ensure proper infiltration function is still occurring in the practice after construction (STEP, 2019)<ref>STEP. 2019. Permeable Pavement - Inspection and Maintenance Best Practices for Permeable Pavements. Video. Accessed May 11 2022: https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/home/urban-runoff-green-infrastructure/low-impact-development/permeable-pavement/</ref>]]

~~Appendix C as A SCROLLING DOCUMENT!!!~~

~~Mention training courses~~

==Soil Characterization Testing==

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[[File:Soil bulk density figure 8.7.PNG|thumb|325px|Maximum allowable bulk density values by soil texture class (Sustainable Sites Initiative, 2009). '''Click to enlarge'''.<ref>Sustainable Sites Initiative. 2009. The Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks. American Society of Landscape Architects, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at The University of Texas at Austin, United States Botanic Garden and Sustainable Sites Initiative, Austin, TX. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31157/</ref>]]

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{| class="wikitable" style="width: ~~900px~~;"

|+''' Critical soil characteristics, acceptance criteria and tests by LID BMP type'''

|-

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|-

|}

[[File:Soil bulk density figure 8.7.PNG|thumb|305px|Maximum allowable bulk density values by soil texture class (Sustainable Sites Initiative, 2009). '''Click to enlarge'''.<ref>Sustainable Sites Initiative. 2009. The Sustainable Sites Initiative: Guidelines and Performance Benchmarks. American Society of Landscape Architects, Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center at The University of Texas at Austin, United States Botanic Garden and Sustainable Sites Initiative, Austin, TX. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc31157/</ref>]]

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|iii Based on Ontario Ministry of Food and Rural Affairs’ Soil Fertility Handbook guidance on soil fertility testing for crop production ([http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/pub611/pub611.pdf OMAFRA, 2006])<ref>OMAFRA. 2006. Soil Fertility Handbook Publication 611. Guelph, Ontario, Canada. http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/pub611/pub611.pdf.</ref>.

|-

|iv Based on Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA, 2015) for minimum to sustain plant growth and Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA, 2014) for a maximum to avoid unnecessary fertilization that would have low or no effect on plant health.

|iv Based on Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA, 2015)<ref>Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA). 2015. Minnesota Stormwater Manual. Accessed April 15, 2015. http://stormwater.pca.state.mn.us/index.php/Main_Page</ref> for minimum to sustain plant growth and Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA, 2014)<ref>Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA). 2014. Guide to Nursery and Landscape Plant Production and IPM. Publication #841. Toronto, Ontario. http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/pub841/pub841.pdf</ref> for a maximum to avoid unnecessary fertilization that would have low or no effect on plant health.

|-

|v Based on the threshold for non-saline soils (Whitney, 2012).

|v Based on the threshold for non-saline soils (Whitney, 2011)<ref>Whitney, D.A. 2012. “Soil Salinity.” In Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for the North Central Region. North Central Regional Research Publication No. 221. Missouri Agricultural Experimental Station. https://www.canr.msu.edu/uploads/234/68557/rec_chem_soil_test_proce55c.pdf</ref>

|-

|vi Interpolated value from bulk density figure beside this table. based on a sandy loam soil containing at least 70% sand-sized particles.

|-

|vii Based on German green roof standards (FLL 2008). Specifications will vary depending on the green roof growing media product. Product specifications should be provided by the media supplier. Test results should be compared to the media supplier’s specifications and permissible tolerance ranges.

|vii Based on German green roof standards (FLL, 2018)<ref>Forschungsgesellschaft Landschaftsentwicklung Landschaftsbau (FLL). 2008. Guidelines for the Planning, Construction and Maintenance of Green Roofs. The Landscaping and Landscape Development Research Society E.V., Bonn, Germany. https://shop.fll.de/de/downloadable/download/sample/sample_id/44/</ref>. Specifications will vary depending on the green roof growing media product. Product specifications should be provided by the media supplier. Test results should be compared to the media supplier’s specifications and permissible tolerance ranges.

|-

|viii Based on Penn State University Center for Green Roof Research (Berghage et al. 2008).

|viii Based on Penn State University Center for Green Roof Research (Berghage et al. 2008)<ref name="example5">Berghage, R., Wolf. A., Miller, C. 2008. Testing Green Roof Media for Nutrient Content. Presented at

Greening Rooftops for Sustainable Communities, held in Baltimore, MD from April 30 to May 2, 2008. http://admin.ipps.org/uploads/58_086.pdf</ref>.

|-

|ix Based on Penn State University Center for Green Roof Research (Berghage et al. 2008) for the minimum to sustain plant growth and Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA, 2014) for the maximum to avoid unnecessary fertilization that would have low or no effect on plant health.

|ix Based on Penn State University Center for Green Roof Research (Berghage et al. 2008)<ref name="example5" />. for the minimum to sustain plant growth and Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs (OMAFRA, 2014) for the maximum to avoid unnecessary fertilization that would have low or no effect on plant health.

|}

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Key components of LID BMPs that should be the subject of sediment accumulation testing (i.e., depth measurements) are described in the table below along with recommended test methods. Depth measurements should be recorded on inspection field data forms provided on each associated [[Inspection and maintenance#Practice-specific Inspection and Maintenance|BMP's I&M page on the wiki]], used to determine if sediment removal maintenance is needed.

[[File:Secch idisk.PNG|thumb|320px|Picture of a typical Secchi disk to help measure sediment depth in underground holding structures. (Photo Source: Wildco, 2018<ref>Wildco. 2018. Secchi Disk Kit, Fieldmaster®. Accesses May 5 2022: https://shop.sciencefirst.com/wildco/student-water-samplers/5979-fieldmaster-student-secchi-disk-non-calibrated-line-for-student-use-only-200mm.html</ref>]]

[[File:Secch idisk.PNG|thumb|320px|Picture of a typical Secchi disk to help measure sediment depth in underground holding structures. (Photo Source: Wildco, 2018)<ref>Wildco. 2018. Secchi Disk Kit, Fieldmaster®. Accesses May 5 2022: https://shop.sciencefirst.com/wildco/student-water-samplers/5979-fieldmaster-student-secchi-disk-non-calibrated-line-for-student-use-only-200mm.html</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="width: 900px;"

|+'''Key components and test methods for sediment accumulation testing by BMP type'''

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|-

|[[Inlets]]; [[Pretreatment|Pretreatment devices]]

|Use tape measure or probe to measure the depth from the bottom elevation of the inlet pipe or pretreatment device, below any stone or mulch cover present, to the highest elevation of accumulated sediment present. For catchbasins, manholes and hydrodynamic separator pretreatment devices a sludge sampler (e.g., “sludge judge” sampler) should be

|Use tape measure or probe to measure the depth from the bottom elevation of the inlet pipe or pretreatment device, below any stone or mulch cover present, to the highest elevation of accumulated sediment present. For catchbasins, manholes and hydrodynamic separator pretreatment devices a sludge sampler (e.g., “sludge judge” sampler) should be used to sample the sediment and estimate depth accumulated in sumps. A measuring tape or staff gauge installed in the structure and set to the bottom elevation can provide another means of tracking sediment accumulation. Record the measurement and remove the sediment if it exceeds trigger values.

used to sample the sediment and estimate depth accumulated in sumps. A measuring tape or staff gauge installed in the structure and set to the bottom elevation can provide another means of tracking sediment accumulation. Record the measurement and remove the sediment if it exceeds trigger values.

|-

|[[Filter media|Filter Bed]]

|(Applicable to vault-type infiltration chamber systems only) - Use a tape measure or probe to measure sediment depth from the surface of the gravel bed to the elevation of

|(Applicable to vault-type infiltration chamber systems only) - Use a tape measure or probe to measure sediment depth from the surface of the gravel bed to the elevation of accumulated sediment in at least five (5) locations evenly distributed over the bed surface area. Record the measurements, calculate the mean sediment depth and compare to trigger values to determine if follow-up/corrective actions are needed.

accumulated sediment in at least five (5) locations evenly distributed over the bed surface area. Record the measurements, calculate the mean sediment depth and compare to trigger values to determine if follow-up/corrective actions are needed.

|-

|rowspan="2"|'''Cisterns ([[Rainwater Harvesting]] & [[Rain barrels]])'''

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be assumed by the property owner. As part of Verification inspections it provides an indication of whether or not the surface drainage performance of the BMP is still within an acceptable range, if it is being adequately maintained, and to diagnose the cause of any problems with drainage or [[vegetation]] detected through visual inspection or other types of testing. Tests may also be done as part of '''Forensic Inspection and Testing (FIT)''' work to diagnose the cause of problems with drainage or vegetation, with the number and locations of test determined by the nature of the problem being investigated.

Surface infiltration rate testing involves estimating the saturated hydraulic conductivity (KS) of the BMP surface through measurement at several locations and calculation of an average value. A single measurement can take anywhere from 15 minutes to several hours (Erickson et al., 2013<ref>Erickson, A.J., Weiss, P.T., Gulliver, J.S. 2013. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices: A Handbook of Assessment and Maintenance. New York: Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-4624-8</ref>) depending on soil or surface characteristics.

Surface infiltration rate testing involves estimating the saturated hydraulic conductivity (KS) of the BMP surface through measurement at several locations and calculation of an average value. A single measurement can take anywhere from 15 minutes to several hours (Erickson et al., 2013<ref name="example3">Erickson, A.J., Weiss, P.T., Gulliver, J.S. 2013. Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices: A Handbook of Assessment and Maintenance. New York: Springer. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-4624-8</ref>) depending on soil or surface characteristics.

===Filter Bed Surface Infiltration Rate===

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|'''Double Ring Infiltrometer''' (constant head)

|

*The double-ring infiltrometer (See photo example - Source: TRCA, 2012) is made of two concentric tubes typically of thin metal or hard plastic, that are both continuously filled with water such that a constant water level is maintained as water infiltrates into the soil (ASTM International, 2005<ref>ASTM International. 2005. Sealed Double-Ring Infiltrometers for Estimating Very Low Hydraulic Conductivities. Volume 28, Issue 3. CODEN: GTJODJ. Published Online: 30 March 2005. DOI: 10.1520/GTJ12447. https://www.astm.org/gtj12447.html</ref>). The rate at which water is added to the centre tube is measured to determine the infiltration rate. For detailed guidance on how to perform the testing, refer to ASTM D3385-09 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer (ASTM International, 2018<ref>ASTM International. 2018. Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer. Book of Standards Volume: 04.08. Published Online: 11 April, 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D3385-09. https://www.astm.org/d3385-09.html</ref>) and ASTM D5093-15 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring (ASTM International, 2018<ref>ASTM International. 2018. Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Infiltration Rate Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring. Book of Standards Volume: 04.08 Published Online: 17 April, 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D5093-15. https://www.astm.org/d5093-15.html</ref>

*The double-ring infiltrometer (See photo example - Source: TRCA, 2012) is made of two concentric tubes typically of thin metal or hard plastic, that are both continuously filled with water such that a constant water level is maintained as water infiltrates into the soil (ASTM International, 2005<ref>ASTM International. 2005. Sealed Double-Ring Infiltrometers for Estimating Very Low Hydraulic Conductivities. Volume 28, Issue 3. CODEN: GTJODJ. Published Online: 30 March 2005. DOI: 10.1520/GTJ12447. https://www.astm.org/gtj12447.html</ref>). The rate at which water is added to the centre tube is measured to determine the infiltration rate. For detailed guidance on how to perform the testing, refer to ASTM D3385-09 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer (ASTM International, 2018<ref>ASTM International. 2018. Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer. Book of Standards Volume: 04.08. Published Online: 11 April, 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D3385-09. https://www.astm.org/d3385-09.html</ref>) and ASTM D5093-15 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring (ASTM International, 2018<ref>ASTM International. 2018). Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Infiltration Rate Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring. Book of Standards Volume: 04.08 Published Online: 17 April, 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D5093-15. https://www.astm.org/d5093-15.html</ref>

*Accuracy is only moderate relative to permeameter methods (ASTM International, 2010<ref name="example1">ASTM International, 2010. Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter. Book of Standards Volume: 04.08. Published Online: 31 December, 2010. DOI: 10.1520/D5084-03. https://www.astm.org/d5084-03.html</ref>) and results tend to be biased towards higher values due to lateral flow. Potentially requires large volume of water and significant length of time for each measurement to reach steady state.

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|

*When part of an Assumption inspection, issue a stop work order and contact the construction site supervisor, design professionals and property owner or project manager to determine follow-up tasks. Follow-up tasks involve scheduling FIT work to do further testing to determine the affected area and depth and decide on corrective actions.

*Corrective actions may involve removal of any accumulated sediment, mulch or stone cover and plantings and tilling of the top 20 to 30 cm of filter media to eliminate surface crusting or macropores and reduce compaction. *Alternatively, removal and replacement of all or the uppermost 15 cm of filter media with material that meets design specifications may be necessary.

*Corrective actions may involve removal of any accumulated sediment, mulch or stone cover and plantings and tilling of the top 20 to 30 cm of filter media to eliminate surface crusting or macropores and reduce compaction.

*Alternatively, removal and replacement of all or the uppermost 15 cm of filter media with material that meets design specifications may be necessary.

|-

|'''[[Permeable pavement|Permeable pavements]]''' (pavement surface)

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===Acceptance Criteria===

Acceptance criteria for LID BMP drainage performance for both ~~natyural~~ and simulated storm event testing:

Acceptance criteria for LID BMP drainage performance for both natural and simulated storm event testing:

{{textbox|

# Water flows into the BMP as intended;

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At a minimum, continuous monitoring should be undertaken as part of Assumption and Verification inspections in the following situations:

{{textbox|

#For infiltration BMPs designed without sub-drains to determine active sub-surface water storage reservoir volume drainage time and filter bed surface infiltration rate.

#For infiltration BMPs designed with flow-restricted sub-drains, to determine sub-drain peak flow rate, active sub-surface water storage reservoir volume drainage time and filter bed surface infiltration rate.

#As part of Forensic inspection and Testing (FIT) work to determine corrective actions for suspected problems with drainage or effluent quality detected through other inspection and testing work.

#When little information is available about the effectiveness of a certain type of BMP in a certain environmental context, or when a new technology is being implemented for the first time in a certain context or geographic region.

#Where the sensitivity of the receiving water warrants a high level of inspection and testing to determine if BMP effluent quality meets design specifications or regulatory criteria.}}

#For infiltration BMPs designed ~~without~~ sub-drains to ~~determine active~~ sub-surface water storage reservoir volume drainage time and ~~filter bed surface~~ infiltration rate.

===External guidance on monitoring the performance of stormwater BMPs===

[[File:Data logger wells.PNG|thumb|500px|Diagram of a typical water level logger installation in an infiltration BMP sub-surface water storage reservoir monitoring well (City of Philadelphia, 2014)<ref name="example4" />.]]

*[https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-4624-8 Optimizing Stormwater Treatment Practices: A Handbook of Assessment and Maintenance] (Erickson et al., 2013)<ref name="example3" />;

*[https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/1810038.pdf Technical Guidance Manual for Evaluating Emerging Stormwater Treatment Technologies] (Washington State Department of Ecology, 2018)<ref>Washington State Department of Ecology (WS DOE). 2018. Technical Guidance Manual for Evaluating Emerging Stormwater Treatment Technologies. Publication No. 11-10-061. Technology Assessment Protocol – Ecology. Water Quality Program. Olympia, WA. https://apps.ecology.wa.gov/publications/documents/1810038.pdf</ref>;

*[https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f8dbde10268ab224c895ad7/t/604926dae8a36b0ee128f8ac/1615406817379/2009MonitoringManualSingleFile.pdf Urban Stormwater BMP Performance Monitoring] (Geosyntec Engineers and Wright Water Engineers, 2009)<ref>Geosyntec Consultants and Wright Water Engineers. 2009. Urban Stormwater BMP Performance Monitoring. Prepared under Support from U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water Environment Research Foundation, Federal Highway Administration, Environmental and Water Resources Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers. Published October 2009. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f8dbde10268ab224c895ad7/t/604926dae8a36b0ee128f8ac/1615406817379/2009MonitoringManualSingleFile.pdf</ref>;

*[https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/stormwaterinthecommunity.pdf Center for Watershed Protection, Managing Stormwater Post-Construction Guide, BMP Performance Verification Tool (Tool 8) Appendix A] (CWP, 2008)<ref>Center for Watershed Protection (CWP). 2008. Managing Stormwater in Your Community – A Guide for Building and Effective Post-Construction Program. U.S. EPA Publication No: 833-R08-001. Ellicott City, MD. EPA Publication No: 833-R-08-001. https://www3.epa.gov/npdes/pubs/stormwaterinthecommunity.pdf</ref>

*[http://archive.phillywatersheds.org/ltcpu/GCCW%20Comprehensive%20Monitoring%20Plan%20Sections%201-10.pdf Green Cities, Clean Waters Comprehensive Monitoring Plan, Appendices C and D] (City of Philadelphia, 2014)<ref name="example4">. City of Philadelphia. 2014. Green City, Clean Waters: Comprehensive Monitoring Plan. The Philadelphia Water Department. Philadephia, PA. http://archive.phillywatersheds.org/ltcpu/GCCW%20Comprehensive%20Monitoring%20Plan%20Sections%201-10.pdf</ref>

===Drainage Performance Evaluations===

It is recommended that at a minimum, the drainage performance of stormwater infiltration BMPs be evaluated as part of Assumption and Verification inspections. Drainage performance, or the ability of the BMP to fully drain runoff from a certain size storm event within a certain time period, can be evaluated by continuous monitoring during natural or simulated storm events. When a water source of sufficient size to fill the sub-surface water storage reservoir is available, it is recommended that drainage performance evaluations be performed by simulated storm event testing as results can be produced within a much shorter time period (e.g., within a week) as opposed to natural storm event testing, which can require field monitoring activities over 6 months to 2 years in duration.

The general approach involves installing water level logger sensors (i.e., pressure transducers) in:

*a perforated standpipe on the BMP surface to measure the time required to drain water ponded on the surface (i.e., the surface water storage reservoir component) and estimate filter bed surface infiltration rate; and,

*a monitoring well screened within the sub-surface water storage reservoir component of the BMP

===Simulated Storm Event Test Procedures===

For infiltration BMPs designed with flow-restricted sub-drains, continuous monitoring to evaluate drainage performance should be performed by conducting a simulated storm event test using the following stepwise procedure below:

{{textbox|

#Select a date for the test when no rainfall is forecast for at least 3 days.

#Install flow monitoring apparatus downstream of the sub-drain flow restrictor device.

#Temporarily plug the sub-drain pipe.

#Direct enough water to the BMP to completely fill the sub-surface water storage reservoir.

#Remove the sub-drain plug.

#Allow the BMP to fully drain.

#Determine the maximum flow rate from the sub-drain from flow measurements

#Determine the drainage time from the water level measurements

#Calculate the infiltration rate based on water level measurements once flow from the subdrain has stopped as the change in storage volume over time divided by the infiltration area.

#If more than 13 m3 of water (i.e., the typical capacity of water tanker trucks) is needed to fill the sub-surface water storage reservoir, a fire hydrant will need to be used as the water source.}}

For infiltration BMPs that contain unrestricted sub-drains, continuous monitoring to evaluate drainage performance should capture the full drainage periods for at least one storm event large enough to completely fill the sub-surface water storage reservoir to the elevation of the sub-drain pipe invert or at least 3 rain events between 15 and 25 mm in depth.

*Mean values for drainage time and infiltration rate should be calculated and compared to design specifications or regulatory criteria to determine if the BMP is draining at an acceptable rate.

*Alternatively, a simulated storm event test can be performed, using the stepwise procedure described above.

===Water Treatment Performance Evaluations===

When the objectives of BMP inspection include determining if the BMP is providing a minimum level of water treatment performance, design of the continuous monitoring program needs considerable thought. Table 8.10 describes some key considerations in program design.

~~#For infiltration~~ BMPs ~~designed~~ with flow-~~restricted sub~~-~~drains~~, to ~~determine sub~~-~~drain peak~~ flow rate, ~~active sub~~-surface water ~~storage reservoir volume drainage time~~ and ~~filter bed surface infiltration rate~~.

{|class="wikitable" style="width: 1275px;"

|+'''Key considerations in designing continuous monitoring programs for water treatment evaluation.'''

|-

! '''Variable'''

! '''Key Considerations'''

! '''Recommendations'''

|-

|'''[[Bioretention: Internal water storage|BMP Water Storage Capacity]]'''

|Many LID BMPs contain sub-drains that only flow during large storm events which will limit the number of events that produce water samples in a given year.

|

*Focus on BMPs that generate outflow during storm events of 25 mm depth or less.

*Budget for continuous monitoring periods of 6 months to 2 years to capture samples from enough storm events to produce meaningful results (at least 15) with site visits every 2 weeks to check on equipment and download and QA/QC check data.

|-

|'''[[Inlets|Inlet configuration]]'''

|

Measuring and sampling inflow is often not feasible for BMPs that receive sheet flow or have multiple inlets.

|

*Parallel measurement and sampling of outflow from a nearby, untreated drainage area is needed to evaluate water treatment performance of BMPs where inlet monitoring is not feasible.

|-

|'''Flow-Weighted Sampling Method '''

|How individual water samples are combined to produce the composite sample for laboratory testing will greatly affect results.

|

*Composite samples should be generated by examining flow rate over the period each sample was taken, calculating what proportion of the total flow during the event that represents, and using this relationship to measure the quantity taken from each sample bottle to produce the composite sample.

|-

|'''Storm Event Size and Duration'''

|To adequately characterize water treatment performance, monitoring results from a range of storm event sizes is needed which requires that the programming of automated water samplers should be capable of capturing flow from a range of storm event depths and durations.

|

*Start with collecting 500 mL aliquots every 10 minutes after flow is initiated. For an automated water sampler that contains 24 one litre bottles, this allows sampling over an 8 hour period.

*Sampling frequency should be adjusted to optimize between filling all the bottles in the sampler with capturing as much of the period of flow as possible.

*Alternatively, automated samplers can be coupled with flow measurement apparatuses to alter sampling frequency as flow rate changes.

|-

|'''Water Quality Parameters of Interest '''

|The cost of laboratory testing of water samples increases with the number of parameters to be tested. Water treatment performance evaluations should focus on the parameters of greatest concern from regulatory or receiving water sensitivity perspectives.

|

*As most pollutants common to urban stormwater runoff are associated with suspended solids, focus on evaluating Total Suspended Solids (TSS) removal efficiency.

*For nutrient-limited receiving waters, add nutrient testing (Total Phosphorus and Phosphate, Total Nitrogen, Nitrate and Nitrite).

*For bacteria limited receiving waters add bacteria testing. When bacteria removal performance is to be evaluated, samples must be submitted for laboratory testing within 48 hours of the end of the storm event or refrigerated samplers are needed.

|-

|'''Security of Monitoring Equipment'''

|In some cases, monitoring equipment will need to be installed at the ground surface, and require means of preventing tampering or sabotage.

|

*House automated water samplers in protective structures that are securely locked and inaccessible.

*Samplers should also be placed directly into manholes where possible.

|-

|'''Confined Space Entry'''

|Installing and checking flow monitoring and sampling equipment often requires entry into confined spaces.

|

*Monitoring that involves confined space entry requires adequately trained staff equipped with certified and recently calibrated safety equipment.

|}

~~#As part~~ of ~~Forensic inspection~~ and Testing ~~(FIT) work to determine corrective actions for suspected problems with drainage or effluent~~ quality ~~detected through other inspection~~ and testing ~~work.~~

[[File:Shutterstock 94975348+resized.jpg|thumb|600px|Water quality analysis testing taking place in an accredited lab (Photo Source: City of Markham, n.d.).<ref>City of Markham. n.d. Water Quality and Testing. The Corporation of the City of Markham. Accessed May 10 2022. https://www.markham.ca/wps/portal/home/neighbourhood-services/water-sewer/water-quality-and-testing/04-water-quality-and-testing</ref>]]

~~#When little information is available about~~ the ~~effectiveness~~ of ~~a certain type~~ of ~~BMP in a certain~~ environmental ~~context, or when a new technology is being implemented for the first time in a certain context or geographic region~~.

===Accredited Water Testing Laboratories (ON)===

*'''[https://testmark.ca/ Accuracy Environmental Laboratories Ltd.]'''

*'''[https://agatlabs.com/ AGAT Laboratories Ltd.]'''

*'''[https://www.alsglobal.com/en-ca/locations/americas/north-america/canada/ontario/burlington-environmental ALS Laboratory Group (Env. Division)]'''

*'''[http://www.caduceonlabs.com/ Caduceon Environmental Laboratories]'''

*'''[https://www.hamilton.ca/ City of Hamilton Environmental Laboratory]'''

*'''[https://www.ottawapublichealth.ca/en/public-health-services/free-well-water-testing.aspx City of Ottawa Laboratory Services]'''

*'''[https://www.element.com/locations/the-americas/toronto---health-sciences Exova Canada Ltd. - Now "element"]'''

*'''[https://www.bvna.com/ Maxxam Analytics - Now Bureau Veritas]'''

*'''[https://www.ontario.ca/page/ministry-environment-conservation-parks Ontario Ministry of the Environment Conservation & Parks (MECP)]'''

*'''[https://www.paracellabs.com/ Paracel Laboratories]'''

*'''[https://www.regionofwaterloo.ca/en/living-here/about-water.aspx#Environmental-Enforcement-and-Laboratory-Services Regional Municipality of Waterloo, Environmental Laboratory]'''

*'''[https://testmark.ca/ Testmark Laboratories Ltd.]'''

*'''[https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/accountability-operations-customer-service/city-administration/staff-directory-divisions-and-customer-service/toronto-water/ Toronto Water Laboratory]'''

*'''[https://www.durham.ca/en/living-here/york-durham-regional-environmental-lab.aspx York-Durham Regional Environmental Laboratory]'''

~~#Where the sensitivity of the receiving water warrants a high level of inspection~~ and testing to ~~determine if BMP effluent quality meets design specifications or regulatory criteria~~.

For further information regarding natural and simulated storm event testing, acceptance criteria per LID BMP type and associated testing tools and protocols scroll down to the embedded 2016 guide below.

==Green Roof Irrigation System Testing==

In dry or temperate climates, an irrigation system can be crucial for establishing and maintaining green roofs. Extensive green roofs planted with drought tolerant plants do not always need an irrigation system, but intensive green roofs planted with a wider variety of plants would not be able survive without one. Most green roofs will require supplemental water either to enhance or speed up the establishment process or to protect the plantings during times of sustained drought. This can be accomplished by hand watering or installing an automated irrigation system.

[[File:Spray-Irrigation.jpg|thumb|400px|Picture of a spray nozzle used in an automatic spray irrigation system on a green roof (Photo Source: Vegetal I.D., n.d.)<ref>Vegetal i.D. n.d. Green Roof Irrigation. Accessed May 10 2022: https://www.vegetalid.us/green-roof-technical-resources/extensive-green-roof-design-guide/270-green-roof-irrigation.html</ref>]]

Irrigation systems vary greatly in level of complexity:

*Simply hand watering systems using hose bibs on the roof and manual sprayers;

*Installed automated systems that are activated by timers; or,

*Sophisticated “smart irrigation” systems that can be remotely controlled and coupled with rain sensors or sources of local weather data to only operate during extended dry periods (i.e., droughts).

**Drip irrigation is the most common type of irrigation system for green roofs because it transfers the water directly to the growing medium via drip emitters installed at or near the surface with relatively little loss to evaporation.

**Other types of irrigation systems use handheld or installed spray nozzles to distribute water to the plants. If an automatic irrigation system is in place, individuals performing inspection testing, maintenance and repairs on it should refer to the operator’s manual from the product vendor or installer for instructions specific to that product.

===Triggers for Corrective Action===

{{textbox|'''A green roof irrigation system test involves:'''

#inspecting the supply lines,

#fittings and

#distribution points (e.g., drip emitters or spray heads)}}

All while the system is running to check for leaking, damaged, obstructed or misaligned components and dry or saturated portions of the filter bed/growing medium.

{{textbox|'''Triggers for Action include:'''

#A leaking or damaged supply line will often wash out or saturate a small area.

#An obstructed drip emitter or spray nozzle will create dry spots.

#If visual assessments of vegetation cover and condition reveal locations where plantings have died or are not thriving, make sure it is not due to irrigation system malfunction or damage.

#If the irrigation system test results in ponding on the filter bed/growing medium surface or in/around overflow outlets, repair or routine maintenance of those components may be necessary.}}

==Green Roof Leak Detection Testing==

On buildings featuring a [[green roof]], a waterproofing membrane layer that covers the whole roof is essential to prevent water damage to the building. In some cases, a root barrier layer is also a part of the green roof design that protects the waterproofing membrane from being penetrated by roots and degraded by soil microbial activity. On top of these protective layers are the water retention and drainage layer, filter cloth, growing media and plants, making it impossible to visually inspect them for damage or leaks. There are two main approaches to leak detection for green roofs – flood tests and low-voltage leak detection tests.

[[File:Lake detection green roof.PNG|thumb|A technician checking for water penetration below the membrane of a green roof by conducting a low-voltage leak detection test (Source: Construction Canada, 2012)<ref>Construction Canada. 2012. Waterproofing considerations for green roofs. By Karen Liu, PhD. Kenilworth Media Inc. Accessed May 10 2022: https://www.constructioncanada.net/waterproofing-considerations-for-green-roofs/2/</ref>]]

===Flood Tests===

Flood tests for detection of green roof leaks can be conducted as part of Construction inspections, prior to planting. The test requires an experienced professional to narrow down a small area where the leak may be originating from. The suspected area is isolated from the rest of the roof, the roof drains are plugged, 10 cm of water depth is introduced and observations are made. Once the leak is found, the area is opened up and the waterproofing membrane is repaired. This process is time-consuming and costly, as the leak is not always found during the first round of patch flooding (US GSA, 2011)<ref name="example6">United States General Services Administration (US GSA). 2011. The Benefits and Challenges of Green Roofs on Public and Commercial Buildings. 140 pp. https://www.gsa.gov/cdnstatic/The_Benefits_and_Challenges_of_Green_Roofs_on_Public_and_Commercial_Buildings.pdf</ref>

===Low-Voltage Leak Tests===

The low-voltage leak detection test utilizes electricity to locate water penetrations through the waterproofing membrane. Such leak detection systems can also be referred to as Electric Field Vector Mapping (EFVM®) systems. They require a grounded, conductive material be directly below the waterproofing membrane, such as reinforced concrete or metal, and that the membrane be a nonconductive material. During roof construction and prior to green roof installation, a conductive wire is looped around the surface of the waterproofing membrane and connected to an impulse generator.

Testing involves the inspector or leak detection technician introducing a low-voltage, pulsating electric charge onto the surface of the waterproofing membrane which should be moist at the time. A watertight membrane will isolate the potential difference between the wetted surface and the underlying grounded conductive material layer, while breaches in the membrane will cause an electrical connection to occur. The inspector or leak detection technician reads the directional flow of current with a potentiometer to locate the point of entry with pinpoint accuracy. Low-voltage leak detection tests can be performed before and after a green roof is installed. As such, the location of leaks can be very precisely located and repaired with minimal disturbance to the rest of the roof (US GSA, 2011)<ref name="example6" />.

===Testing & Inspection Types===

It is important to test green roofs for leaks as part of Construction, Assumption and Verification

inspections.

*As part of '''Construction inspections''', testing confirms that the roof layers have been installed correctly and that it is ready for planting.

*As part of '''Assumption inspections''' it helps determine if the green roof is ready to be assumed by the property owner/manager/municipality.

*Tests may also be done as part of '''Verification inspections''' (i.e., every five years) to check for leaks, and as part of FIT work to locate and repair leaks discovered through visual inspection work.

==Cistern Pump Testing==

[[File:Rainwatercistern cross.PNG|thumb|500px|A simplified cross-section view showing key components of a rainwater harvesting system used in a residential setting. The cistern pump located in the basement along with the pressure tank over time through general use will begin to decline and this will be noted in reduced water pressure in flushing the toilet or for the shower, kitchen sink, etc. (Photo Source: TRCA, 2018)<ref>TRCA. 2018. Inspection and

Maintenance of Stormwater Best Management Practices: Rainwater Cisterns. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2018/02/Rainwater-Cisterns-Fact-Sheet.pdf</ref>]]

Most [[Rainwater harvesting|rainwater cisterns]] are placed in basements or outdoors, and require a pump to distribute the water to service its designated locations throughout the property, generally located at higher elevations. Typically, a pump is arranged with a pressure tank, which includes a centrifugal pump that draws the water out of the storage tank and into the pressure tank, where it is stored and ready for distribution. As part of this distribution system, an appropriately sized pump is required to produce a sufficient flow to efficiently transport water that feeds into the pressure tank. With prolonged usage, the pump capacity may decline, which would be reflected by a reduction in flow rate.

===Flow Rate testing===

A simple flow rate measurement using a bucket, stopwatch and volume measurement device (e.g., graduated cylinder) at the outlet location can reveal whether the pump is functioning. Once the flow rate is measured the value can be compared to the design flow rate. If the pump is not creating sufficient pressure, then the flow rate will be inadequate. If the flow rate is below the design specification, servicing of the pump by a skilled technician should be scheduled.

===Water Quality Testing===

In addition to confirming that the pump is functioning and checking on the flow rate, routinely conducting cistern pump tests also provides the opportunity to visually inspect the water produced by the system. If the water delivered from the cistern is discoloured or highly turbid (i.e., murky), it indicates that the pretreatment device or filtration system is malfunctioning or needs maintenance.

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