Changes

[[File:Source Protection regions map.PNG|thumb|500px| Image of the 19 Source Protection Regions (SPRs) and Source Protection Areas (SPAs) in Ontario (Conservation Ontario, 2022)<ref>Conservation Ontario. 2022. Best Practices for Source Water Protection. Accessed 27 May 2022: https://conservationontario.ca/conservation-authorities/source-water-protection/</ref>. Visit the [https://conservationontario.ca/fileadmin/pdf/conservation_authorities_section/SWPSouthernON_EN.pdf Map link here] for a higher resolution image.]]

[[File:Source Protection regions map.PNG|thumb|550px| Image of the 19 Source Protection Regions (SPRs) and Source Protection Areas (SPAs) in Ontario (Conservation Ontario, 2022)<ref>Conservation Ontario. 2022. Best Practices for Source Water Protection. Accessed 27 May 2022: https://conservationontario.ca/conservation-authorities/source-water-protection/</ref>. Visit the [https://conservationontario.ca/fileadmin/pdf/conservation_authorities_section/SWPSouthernON_EN.pdf map link here] for a higher resolution image.]]

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==Overview==

==Overview==

Spurred mainly by the [https://environmentaldefence.ca/2020/06/01/walkerton-tragedy-ontario-new-water-crisis/ Walkerton Tragedy] in May of 2000, where 2,500 residents of the town fell ill due to ingesting high levels of E.coli bacteria and 7 individuals died due to poor monitoring and maintenance of the drinking water system, the province (Scarfone, 2020)<ref>Scarfone, K. 2020. 20 years after the Walkerton Tragedy, Ontario could be setting itself up for a new water crisis. Safeguarding Freshwater. Environmental Defence. 1 June 2020. Accessed 26 May 2022. https://environmentaldefence.ca/2020/06/01/walkerton-tragedy-ontario-new-water-crisis/</ref> took major overhauling actions to ensure Ontarians drinking water was adequately protected.

In response to the [https://environmentaldefence.ca/2020/06/01/walkerton-tragedy-ontario-new-water-crisis/ Walkerton tragedy] in May of 2000, where 2,500 residents of the town fell ill due to ingesting high levels of E.coli bacteria and 7 individuals died due to poor monitoring and maintenance of the drinking water system, the Province of Ontario enacted new rules and safeguards to ensure drinking water sources are adequately protected. Following an inquiry into the Walkerton tragedy, Justice O'Connor made over 120 recommendations to better protect the province's drinking water, which have formed the foundation of the province's source water protection framework. The first of the [http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_records/walkerton/index.html Walkerton Inquiry] recommendations was that drinking water should be protected by developing watershed-based source water protection plans.

Following an inquiry into the Walkerton event, Justice, O'Connor at the time made over 120 recommendations to better protect the province's drinking water, which have now been implemented and are the foundation of the province's drinking water protection framework. The first of these recommendations was that drinking water should be protected by developing watershed-based source water protection plans, which have been in place since 2006 with the adoption of the [https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06c22 Clean Water Act] (Government of Ontario, 2021)<ref name="example1">Government of Ontario. 2021. Source protection. Environment and Energy - Drinking Water. 13 October 2021. Accessed: 26 May 2022. https://www.ontario.ca/page/source-protection#section-0</ref>

The [https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06c22 Clean Water Act] requires municipalities to protect their drinking water sources and supplies through prevention, by developing collaborative, watershed-based source water protection plans.<ref name="example1">Government of Ontario. 2021. Source protection. Environment and Energy - Drinking Water. 13 October 2021. Accessed: 26 May 2022. https://www.ontario.ca/page/source-protection#section-0</ref>

[[File:Multi-barrier-safe-drinking-water-co.jpg|thumb|500px|Ontario’s [https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/06c22 Clean Water Act] is the primary piece of legislation within the province to ensure that there is a multi-barrier approach to protecting drinking water and ensuring water resource usage is sustainable (Photo Source: Conservation Ontario, 2016)<ref>Conservation Ontario. 2016. Protecting Our Sources of Drinking Water: Implementation of Source Protection Plans across Ontario. Written by: Chitra Gowda, 11 Oct. 2016. Accessed 27 May 2022: https://ijc.org/en/protecting-our-sources-drinking-water-implementation-source-protection-plans-across-ontario</ref>]]

Since the Clean Water Act, 2006 was adopted within the province the original recommendations of the [http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/e_records/walkerton/index.html "Walkerton Inquiry"] were able to begin to be implemented. The legislation required municipalities protect their drinking water sources and supplies through prevention by developing collaborative large-scale watershed-based source protection plans or source water protection (SWPP) based on monitoring results and the latest science. When the Clean Water Act was first established the province paid for the cost of developing the preliminary SWPPs.

{{textbox|Under the Clean Water Act the legislation describes newly developed source water protection ''areas'' and source water protection ''regions''.

{{textbox|The Clean Water Act defines source water protection ''areas'' and source water protection ''regions'' as follows:

*'''Source Protection Region (SPR)''': Encompass one or more source protection areas (ex. Credit Valley-Toronto and Region-Central Lake or simply the CTC Region).  

*'''Source Protection Region (SPR)''': Encompass one or more source protection areas (e.g., Credit Valley-Toronto and Region-Central Lake Ontario, or "CTC" Region).  

*'''Source Protection Area (SPA)''': Smaller geographic areas generally based on the watershed boundaries of Ontario's 36 Conservation Authorities}}

*'''Source Protection Area (SPA)''': Smaller geographic areas generally based on the watershed boundaries of Ontario's 36 Conservation Authorities}}

Under the Clean Water Act, local multi-stakeholder source water protection committees have been established for each source water protection area or region. Each committee is comprised of the region's leading researchers, professionals and technical experts that work together to identify current and potential future threats to municipal drinking water sources. Organizations typically represented on source water protection committees include, but are not limited to the following:

 

* Conservation authorities;

Under the Clean Water Act local multi-stakeholder source protection committees were developed for each region. Each committee is comprised on the region's leading researchers, professionals and technical personnel that help identify significant current and potential future threats to their local municipal drinking water sources. Their job is to regularly meet and develop preventative plans to address identified and theorized threats (Lake Erie Source Protection Region, 2022)<ref>Lake Erie Source Protection Region. 2022. The Clean Water Act. Accessed 26 May 2022. https://www.sourcewater.ca/en/how-it-works/The-Clean-Water-Act.aspx</ref>

 

Source protection plans (SPPs) contain a number of policies that are locally developed by their local technical committees aimed at protecting existing and future spruces of adequate drinking water sources for impacted municipalities. 

 

The associations who are reporting and implementing SPP policies and progress annually include:

* Conservation Authorities;

* Municipalities;

* Municipalities;

* Local public health boards;

* Local health boards;

* Indigenous groups, committees and governments;

* Indigenous groups, committees and governments;

* Local businesses

* Local businesses; and

* The Province of Ontario; and,

* Province of Ontario.

* Others (Government of Ontario, 2021)<ref name="example1" />

<br>

<br>

The Source Protection Committee generally uses varied approaches to protect drinking water sources within each SPR/SPA, which can include:

The source water protection committee may use a variety of approaches to protect drinking water sources, which can include:

* Prescribed policy instruments (existing provincial approvals such as Environmental Compliance Approvals and Permits To Take Water);

* Prescribed policy instruments (existing provincial approvals such as Environmental Compliance Approvals and Permits To Take Water);

* Requiring any owners/developers present a formalized risk management plan (negotiated individually);

* Requiring landowners to prepare a formal risk management plan (negotiated individually);

* Specified land use planning;

* Specified land use planning policies;

* Prohibition of activities that may prove detrimental to SPZs; and/or,

* Prohibition of activities within protection areas or zones that may prove detrimental to drinking water sources; and/or,

* Current outreach and education activities (webinars, town meetings, pamphlets, online education hubs) (CTC SPR, 2019)<ref name="example2">Credit Valley-Toronto and Region-Central Lake Ontario (CTC) Source Protection Region (SPR). 2019. Protecting our Drinking Water Sources. Accessed 26 May 2022. https://ctcswp.ca/app/uploads/2019/06/DOC_20190328_Magazine_DigitalSpreads_FNL.pdf</ref>

* Outreach and education activities (webinars, town meetings, pamphlets, online education hubs) (CTC SPR, 2019)<ref name="example2">Credit Valley-Toronto and Region-Central Lake Ontario (CTC) Source Protection Region (SPR). 2019. Protecting our Drinking Water Sources. Accessed 26 May 2022. https://ctcswp.ca/app/uploads/2019/06/DOC_20190328_Magazine_DigitalSpreads_FNL.pdf</ref>

<br>

<br>

Under the Clean Water Act, 2006 a total of 19 SPRs and SPA's have been established across the province. Each of these 19 SPRs/SPAs contain their own local multi-stakeholder source protection committees across the province which have developed 38 local source protection plans. These specialized plans identify various actions to protect over 450 affected municipal drinking water systems (covering 95% of Ontario's population) (Government of Ontario, 2021)<ref name="example1" />.  

Under the Clean Water Act, 2006 a total of 19 source protection regions and areas have been established across the province (see map above). Each have their own local multi-stakeholder source protection committee, and have developed 38 watershed-based source protection plans. These plans identify various actions to protect over 450 municipal drinking water systems, servicing 95% of Ontario's population. (Government of Ontario, 2021)<ref name="example1" />.  

 

 

 

Ultimately, SPPs are plans to help reduce or eliminate significant drinking water threats within its associated zone/area. These drinking water threats are listed in the following and the SPPS have policies place which must also be enforced. These policies when implemented help to both manage and/or prohibit significant threats as a result of various activities to ensure that they cannot pollute or deplete necessary sources of municipal drinking water within the zone/area.

The Province of Ontario's on-line [https://www.lioapplications.lrc.gov.on.ca/SourceWaterProtection/index.html?viewer=SourceWaterProtection.SWPViewer&locale=en-CA Source Protection Information Atlas] can be used to determine what source water protection area or region a proposed development site is located within, and if it falls within a vulnerable area where source water protection policies would apply. If the proposed development site is located in a vulnerable area or zone, the current source water protection plan in place for the location should be checked and source water protection committee representative should be consulted to determine what policies apply or what protective measures will be required.    

[[File:SPZ signage.jpg|thumb|300px|A road sign to alert motorists that they are entering a provincially protected Drinking Water Protection Zone (SWPZ) to help raise awareness (Photo Source: Conservation Ontario, 2018)<ref>Conservation Ontario. 2018. SWP Education & Outreach - Road Signage (English). Accessed 31 May 2022. https://conservationontario.ca/resources?tx_fefiles_files%5Baction%5D=show&tx_fefiles_files%5Bcontroller%5D=File&tx_fefiles_files%5Bfile%5D=389&cHash=88b06a201529f054e0a87582376f6c2a</ref>]]

[[File:SPZ signage.jpg|thumb|300px|A road sign to alert motorists that they are entering a provincially protected Drinking Water Protection Zone (SWPZ) to help raise awareness (Photo Source: Conservation Ontario, 2018)<ref>Conservation Ontario. 2018. SWP Education & Outreach - Road Signage (English). Accessed 31 May 2022. https://conservationontario.ca/resources?tx_fefiles_files%5Baction%5D=show&tx_fefiles_files%5Bcontroller%5D=File&tx_fefiles_files%5Bfile%5D=389&cHash=88b06a201529f054e0a87582376f6c2a</ref>]]

{{textbox|Once you know what source water protection area or region a proposed development site is located in, and if it includes vulnerable areas or zones, the alphabetical list below of links to dedicated websites of each source water protection areas and region in Ontario can be used to access existing source protection plan documents, recent assessment reports, committee member contacts and other helpful resources:}}

{{textbox|Listed below are 19 different SPRs and SPAs in Ontario, where you can visit each Region's/Area's dedicated Sourcewater protection website for information on their committee members, recent reports, helpful documents, informational videos and the like:}}

#[http://www.sourcewaterinfo.on.ca/ Ausable Bayfield Maitland Valley Source Protection Region]

#[http://www.sourcewaterinfo.on.ca/ Ausable Bayfield Maitland Valley Source Protection Region]

#[https://cleanwatercataraqui.ca/ Cataraqui Source Protection Area]

#[https://cleanwatercataraqui.ca/ Cataraqui Source Protection Area]

==Planning Considerations==

==Planning Considerations==

When planning any new development within a SPR/SPA its important to follow the following four (4) major steps before moving forward.

 

When planning any new development within a SPR/SPA its important to follow the following four (4) major Steps before moving forward.

===1) Identify and Map Vulnerable Areas===

===1) Identify and Map Vulnerable Areas===

====Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs)====

====Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs)====

A Wellhead Protection Area (WHPA) is an area located on the ground surface that denotes a specific zone within a known aquifer where fresh groundwater flows to a pumping well. Any detrimental activities/actions that take place in this zone may contribute to pollutions that can infiltrate into the underlying soil below and in turn contaminate said groundwater source for private and municipal wells alike - hence  undertaken in this area may release pollutants that could seep into the soil and contaminate the groundwater used by both domestic and municipals wells. As a result, these areas require high levels of monitoring, protection and enforcement. Accordingly, this area warrants greater protection.

A Wellhead Protection Area (WHPA) is an area located on the ground surface that denotes a specific zone within a known aquifer where fresh groundwater flows to a pumping well. Any detrimental activities/actions that take place in this zone may contribute to pollutions that can infiltrate into the underlying soil below and in turn contaminate said groundwater source for private and municipal wells alike - hence  undertaken in this area may release pollutants that could seep into the soil and contaminate the groundwater used by both domestic and municipals wells. As a result, these areas require high levels of monitoring, protection and enforcement. Accordingly, this area warrants greater protection.

* Determining whether the contaminant could reach the well in question and the duration of time it may take to reach it.

* Determining whether the contaminant could reach the well in question and the duration of time it may take to reach it.

* Is the contaminant a human, biological or environmental risk or is it simply an aesthetic nuisance?

* Is the contaminant a human, biological or environmental risk or is it simply an aesthetic nuisance?

* Will the concentration of said contaminant exceed the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines (CWQG) for drinking water standard or the Provincial Water Quality Network's (PWQMN) standard (i.e. [[Salt#Guidelines|chloride levels]])?

* Will the concentration of said contaminant exceed the Canadian Water Quality Guidelines (CWQG) for drinking water standard or the Provincial Water Quality Monitoring Network (PWQMN) standard (i.e [[Salt#Guidelines|chloride levels]])?

* Will the current mitigation/treatment protocols currently used be sufficient enough to mitigate/remove the harmful concentration levels of said contaminant from reaching the well?

* Will the current mitigation/treatment protocols currently used be sufficient enough to mitigate/remove the harmful concentration levels of said contaminant from reaching the well?

** If said mitigation/treatment protocol needs to be amended and time allows a mitigation system can be installed to limit the movement of said chemical to the well or the water treatment process at the receiving Water Treatment Plant (WTP) can be modified to sufficiently decrease the concentrations being received  

** If said mitigation/treatment protocol needs to be amended and time allows a mitigation system can be installed to limit the movement of said chemical to the well or the water treatment process at the receiving Water Treatment Plant (WTP) can be modified to sufficiently decrease the concentrations being received  

{{textbox|When it comes to WHPAs once size does not fit all, there are multiple zones that extend in an irregular radius around a well to ensure adequate protection of the source water protection area, which is divided into five (5) zones based upon contaminant travel time within groundwater sources:

{{textbox|When it comes to WHPAs one size does not fit all, there are multiple zones that extend in an irregular radius around a well to ensure adequate protection of the source water protection area, which is divided into five (5) zones based upon contaminant travel time within groundwater sources:  

# '''WHPA-A''' – an area of 100 metre radius around the wellhead

# '''WHPA-A''' – an area of 100 metre radius around the wellhead

# '''WHPA-C''' – the zone through which it takes groundwater to travel between five and two years

# '''WHPA-C''' – the zone through which it takes groundwater to travel between five and two years

# '''WHPA-D''' – the zone through which it takes groundwater to travel between 25 and five years

# '''WHPA-D''' – the zone through which it takes groundwater to travel between 25 and five years

# '''WHPA-E''' – the area on ground surface through which surface water flows in two hours to a point close to the well. This wellhead protection area is only delineated when studies have shown that surface water can relatively easily seep through the soil and impact the quality of the water at the well. This situation is known as groundwater under the direct influence of surface water, or a GUDI well<br>(Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region, 2010;<ref name="example3">Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region. 2010. Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs). Planning Process - Vulnerable Areas. Accessed 02 June 2022. http://protectingwater.ca/planning.cfm?smocid=1440&parentcatid=841#:~:text=A%20wellhead%20protection%20area%20(WHPA,both%20domestic%20and%20municipals%20wells.</ref>CTC SPR, 2019<ref name="example2" />)}}

# '''WHPA-E''' – the area on ground surface through which surface water flows in two hours to a point close to the well. This wellhead protection area is only delineated when studies have shown that surface water can relatively easily seep through the soil and impact the quality of the water at the well. This situation is known as groundwater under the direct influence of surface water, or a GUDI well<br>(Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region, 2010;<ref name="example3">Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region. 2010. Wellhead Protection Areas (WHPAs). Planning Process - Vulnerable Areas. Accessed 02 June 2022. http://protectingwater.ca/en/planning1e38.html?smocid=1440&parentcatid=841</ref>CTC SPR, 2019<ref name="example2" />)}}

 

'''Vulnerability''' <br>

'''Vulnerability''' <br>

====Intake Protection Zones (IPZs)====

====Intake Protection Zones (IPZs)====

An Intake Protection Zone (IPZ) is an area that includes both land and surface water around municipalities' intake pipes that lead to a water treatment plant (WTP) and contributes to the municipalities drinking water system and sources. An IPZ on a map delineates where surface water is originating from and how it end up in the municipal water supply. These zones are determined by how far away they are from the intake location and the time it would take to reach it. The resulting size and shape of each of the three (3) zones of a typical IPZ represents either this set distance around the intake or simply the length of time it would take water and potential contaminants from overland flow to reach the intake.

An Intake Protection Zone (IPZ) is an area that includes both land and surface water around municipalities' intake pipes that lead to a water treatment plant (WTP) and contributes to the municipalities drinking water system and sources. An IPZ on a map delineates where surface water is originating from and how it end up in the municipal water supply. These zones are determined by how far away they are from the intake location and the time it would take to reach it. The resulting size and shape of each of the three (3) zones of a typical IPZ represents either this set distance around the intake or simply the length of time it would take water and potential contaminants from overland flow to reach the intake.

'''Vulnerability''' <br>

'''Vulnerability''' <br>

The vulnerability of the three IPZs are assigned scores that reflect their susceptibility to allowing contaminants to reach the municipal intake zone and is determined by local knowledge and technical inptu from industry experts, as well as judgment from the SPA/SPZ committee members.  

The vulnerability of the three IPZs are assigned scores that reflect their susceptibility to allowing contaminants to reach the municipal intake zone and is determined by local knowledge and technical input from industry experts, as well as judgment from the SPA/SPZ committee members.  

The source vulnerability scores for IPZ-1 and IPZ-2 is based on multiplying the following factors:

The source vulnerability scores for IPZ-1 and IPZ-2 is based on multiplying the following factors:

* IPZ-3 is not provided a vulnerability score due to its setback distance away from intakes. It's perimeter is designated based on nearby lakes and streams that contribute overland flow  to the intake<br>

* IPZ-3 is not provided a vulnerability score due to its setback distance away from intakes. It's perimeter is designated based on nearby lakes and streams that contribute overland flow  to the intake<br>

(Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region, 2010<ref name="example4" />; Cataraqui Source Protection Area, 2022<ref name="example5" />)

(Halton-Hamilton Source Protection Region, 2010<ref name="example4" />; Cataraqui Source Protection Area, 2022<ref name="example5" />)

===2) Identify Threats===

===2) Identify Threats===

|'''12.''' The handling and storage of pesticide.

|'''12.''' The handling and storage of pesticide.

|-

|-

|rowspan="4" style="background: #ebebff; color: black; text-align: center;"|'''Winter Maintenance / [Salt]'''

|rowspan="4" style="background: #ebebff; color: black; text-align: center;"|'''Winter Maintenance / [[Salt]]'''

|-

|-

|'''13.''' The application of road salt.

|'''13.''' The application of road salt.

===3) Calculate Threat Level===

===3) Calculate Threat Level===

To calculate your threat level before commencing work there are several steps to take to determine how you can mitigate your impact on the local water supply.

To calculate your threat level before commencing work there are several steps to take to determine how you can mitigate your impact on the local water supply.

# Find out if you are in a "Vulnerable Area" as listed under the lean Water Act, 2006. To do this use the [https://www.gisapplication.lrc.gov.on.ca/SourceWaterProtection/Index.html?viewer=SourceWaterProtection.SWPViewer&locale=en-US Source Water Protection Map Atlas Tool] that shows based on your location vulnerability mapping and scores within already established and mapped source protection areas in your area.

# Find out if you are in a "Vulnerable Area" as listed under the Clean Water Act, 2006. To do this use the [https://www.gisapplication.lrc.gov.on.ca/SourceWaterProtection/Index.html?viewer=SourceWaterProtection.SWPViewer&locale=en-US Source Protection Information Atlas tool] that shows based on your location vulnerability mapping and scores within already established and mapped source protection areas in your area.

# If your development site is in a known vulnerable area, look at the threats table provided above in this section and ensure that you are not conducting any of the 22 listed activities as outlined under [https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/070287#:~:text=(1)%20If%20any%20part%20of,287%2F07%2C%20s. Ontario Regulation 287/07 Section 1.1 (1), "Prescribed drinking water threats"].  

# If your development site is in a known vulnerable area, look at the threats table provided above in this section and ensure that you are not conducting any of the 22 listed activities as outlined under [https://www.ontario.ca/laws/regulation/070287#:~:text=(1)%20If%20any%20part%20of,287%2F07%2C%20s. Ontario Regulation 287/07 Section 1.1 (1), "Prescribed drinking water threats"].  

# After referencing the table if you discover that you will (or may) be conducting one or more of the listed activities then continue forward by contacting your local SPR/SPA (their emails and contact information are listed on their associated websites).  

# After referencing the table if you discover that you will (or may) be conducting one or more of the listed activities then continue forward by contacting your local SPR/SPA (their emails and contact information are listed on their associated websites).  

of threats prescribed in O.Reg 287/07 along with two types of local drinking water threats, and include other actions that are considered by the CTC committee as necessary to protect drinking water sources, along with requirements for the need of monitoring being implemented. The CTC SPP also contain policies which require the need for Risk Management Plans (RMPs) dependent on the vulnerability of proposed actions/activities to better manage some drinking water threats (CTC Source Protection Region, 2021)<ref>CTC Source Protection Region. 2021. CTC Source Protection Region 2021 Annual Progress Report. Accessed 6 June 2022. https://ctcswp.ca/app/uploads/2022/05/RPT_20220501_CTCSPR_2021AnnualProgressReport_fnl.pdf)</ref>

of threats prescribed in O.Reg 287/07 along with two types of local drinking water threats, and include other actions that are considered by the CTC committee as necessary to protect drinking water sources, along with requirements for the need of monitoring being implemented. The CTC SPP also contain policies which require the need for Risk Management Plans (RMPs) dependent on the vulnerability of proposed actions/activities to better manage some drinking water threats (CTC Source Protection Region, 2021)<ref>CTC Source Protection Region. 2021. CTC Source Protection Region 2021 Annual Progress Report. Accessed 6 June 2022. https://ctcswp.ca/app/uploads/2022/05/RPT_20220501_CTCSPR_2021AnnualProgressReport_fnl.pdf)</ref>

==Site Considerations==

==LID Site Considerations==

{{:Site considerations}}

{{:Site considerations}}

==Site Specific Jurisdictions for SWP==

==Site Specific Jurisdictions for SWP==

===First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan===

===First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan===

Many, if not most First Nations' reserves lie outside of Ontario's designated SWR/SWAs. As a result of this in 2011 the Federal government issued a national assessment of on-reserve drinking water systems, they found that most First Nations did not have an existing SPP in place. After this assessment was completed, the [https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan] was developed by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development in partnership with the Alberta First Nations' Technical Services Advisory Group (TSAG), Siksika First Nation, Alberta and Dr. Robert Patrick from the Department of Geography and Planning of University of Saskatchewan.  

Many, if not most First Nations' reserves lie outside of Ontario's designated SWR/SWAs. As a result of this in 2011 the Federal government issued a national assessment of on-reserve drinking water systems, they found that most First Nations did not have an existing SPP in place. After this assessment was completed, the [https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan] was developed by Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development in partnership with the Alberta First Nations' Technical Services Advisory Group (TSAG), Siksika First Nation, Alberta and Dr. Robert Patrick from the Department of Geography and Planning of University of Saskatchewan.  

The document is both a descriptive guide and real-world template to be used to help develop a SPP on reserve lands. It provides all necessary tools in developing a community based SPP by taking a watershed-scale approach to protecting freshwater supplies. The plan development is led by both Chief and Council of the community as the principal decision makers along with others responsible for landuse decisions and community planning initiatives (AAND, 2014<ref>Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development (AAND). 2014. First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan Guide and Template. ISBN: 978-1-100-23120-4. https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf</ref>

The document is both a descriptive guide and real-world template to be used to help develop a SPP on reserve lands. It provides all necessary tools in developing a community based SPP by taking a watershed-scale approach to protecting freshwater supplies. The plan development is led by both Chief and Council of the community as the principal decision makers along with others responsible for landuse decisions and community planning initiatives (AAND, 2014<ref>Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development (AAND). 2014. First Nations On-Reserve Source Water Protection Plan Guide and Template. ISBN: 978-1-100-23120-4. https://www.sac-isc.gc.ca/DAM/DAM-ISC-SAC/DAM-WTR/STAGING/texte-text/source_1398366907537_eng.pdf</ref>)

===First Nations Communities (Southwestern Ontario)===

===First Nations Communities (Southwestern Ontario)===

# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-4-considering-source-water-within-agricultural-leases-on-first-nation-reserve-lands/ '''Legal Tool 4:''' Considering Source Water within Agricultural Leases on First Nation Reserve Lands]

# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-4-considering-source-water-within-agricultural-leases-on-first-nation-reserve-lands/ '''Legal Tool 4:''' Considering Source Water within Agricultural Leases on First Nation Reserve Lands]

# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-5-protecting-source-waters-under-the-clean-water-act/ '''Legal Tool 5:''' Protecting Source Waters Under the Clean Water Act]

# [https://cela.ca/legal-tool-5-protecting-source-waters-under-the-clean-water-act/ '''Legal Tool 5:''' Protecting Source Waters Under the Clean Water Act]

===Nova Scotia===

===Nova Scotia===

* ('''D''')esignation, the Environment Act in Nova Scotia allows for areas to be created known as Designated Protected Water Areas. this allows a water utility or municipality to properly regulate activities that occur in these protected regions

* ('''D''')esignation, the Environment Act in Nova Scotia allows for areas to be created known as Designated Protected Water Areas. this allows a water utility or municipality to properly regulate activities that occur in these protected regions

* ('''E''')ducation, the committee will work with stakeholders and users in the source water supply area to highlight important piece of information they should know when working in these areas regarding their role in protecting local drinking water and overall water stewardship BMPs.

* ('''E''')ducation, the committee will work with stakeholders and users in the source water supply area to highlight important piece of information they should know when working in these areas regarding their role in protecting local drinking water and overall water stewardship BMPs.

Finally, the last step is to create a "Monitoring and Evaluation Plan", which sets up specific prescribed procedures for ongoing monitoring of the area to ensure water quality contaminants are mitigated and a formalized source water protection plan review process is implemented (Government of Nova Scotia, n.d.<ref> Government of Nova Scotia. n.d. Developing a Municipal Source Water Protection Plan. A Guide for Water Utilities and Municipalities. Accessed June 7 2022. https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/WaterProtectionPlanSummary.pdf</ref>). All of this information and more can be found here on [https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/sourcewater.asp Nova Scotia's Environment and Climate Change's Source Water Protection Home Page]

Finally, the last step is to create a "Monitoring and Evaluation Plan", which sets up specific prescribed procedures for ongoing monitoring of the area to ensure water quality contaminants are mitigated and a formalized source water protection plan review process is implemented (Government of Nova Scotia, n.d.<ref> Government of Nova Scotia. n.d. Developing a Municipal Source Water Protection Plan. A Guide for Water Utilities and Municipalities. Accessed June 7 2022. https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/docs/WaterProtectionPlanSummary.pdf</ref>). All of this information and more can be found here on [https://novascotia.ca/nse/water/sourcewater.asp Nova Scotia's Environment and Climate Change's Source Water Protection Home Page]

===British Columbia (BC)===

===British Columbia===

In the province of British Columbia (BC) there are two (2) primary source water protection documents:

In the province of British Columbia (BC) there are two (2) primary source water protection documents:

* and more (Government of British Columbia, n.d.(B))<ref>Government of British Columbia. n.d. Resources for Water System Operators. Drinking Water Quality. Accessed June 7 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-screening</ref>

* and more (Government of British Columbia, n.d.(B))<ref>Government of British Columbia. n.d. Resources for Water System Operators. Drinking Water Quality. Accessed June 7 2022. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/air-land-water/water/water-quality/drinking-water-quality/resources-for-water-system-operators#source-to-tap-screening</ref>

==Pretreatment Features==

==BMP Selection & Pretreatment for SWP==

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

==References==

==References==