Difference between revisions of "Permeable paving"

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#REDIRECT [[Permeable pavements]]
[[File:Permeable paving partial infiltration.png|thumb|Conceptual diagram illustrating an adjustable storage underdrain configuration beneath permeable interlocking pavers]]
==Overview==
Permeable paving allows stormwater to drain through the surface and into a stone reservoir. There it is infiltrated into the underlying native soil or temporarily detained.
<gallery mode="packed">
PerviousConcreteWalkwayPlaza.png|Pervious Concrete Walkway Plaza
PorousAsphaltParkingLot.png|Porous Asphalt Parking Lot
PermeablePaversinHoboken.png|Permeable Pavers in Hoboken
</gallery> The following are different types of permeable paving:
* Permeable interlocking concrete pavers
* Plastic or concrete grid systems
* Previous concrete; and
* Porous asphalt.
 
{{textbox|Permeable paving is ideal for:
*Sites with limited space for other surface stormwater BMPs
*Projects such as low traffic roads, parking lots, driveways, pedestrian plazas and walkways}}
 
'''The fundamental components of a permeable paving system are:'''
*interlocking blocks with infiltration spaces between, '''or'''
*a poured in place surface without fines, so that the finish is pervious to water
*a bedding course to stabilize the surface
*underground storage layer of aggregate.
 
'''Additional components may include:'''
*an underdrain system
 
==Planning considerations==
<h3>Geometry and Site Layout</h3>
Permeable paving can be used for entire parking lot areas or driveways or can be designed to receive runoff from adjacent impervious surfaces
For example, the parking spaces of a parking lot may be permeable pavers while the drive lanes are impervious asphalt.
In general, the impervious area should not exceed 1.2 times the area of the permeable pavement which receives the runoff.
A hybrid permeable pavement/soakaway design can feature connection of a roof downspout directly to the stone reservoir of the permeable pavement system, which is sized to store runoff from both the pavement surface and the roof drainage area.
 
<h3>Pretreatment</h3>
In most designs, the surface acts as pretreatment to the stone reservoir below. Periodic vacuum sweeping and preventative measures like not storing snow or other materials on the pavement are critical to prevent clogging. Another pretreatment element is a pea gravel choking layer above the coarse gravel storage reservoir.
 
<h3>Landscaping</h3>
Landscaped areas must drain away from permeable pavement to prevent sediments from running onto the surface. Urban [[trees]] will benefit from being surrounded by permeable pavement rather than impervious cover, because their roots receive more air and water. Interlocking pavers used around the base of a tree may be removed as the tree grows.
 
<h3>Risk of Groundwater Contamination</h3>
*Stormwater infiltration practices should not receive runoff from high traffic areas where large amounts of de-icing salts are applied (e.g., busy highways), nor from pollution hot spots (e.g., source areas where land uses or activities have the potential to generate highly contaminated runoff such as vehicle fuelling, servicing or demolition areas, outdoor storage or handling areas for hazardous materials and some heavy industry sites);
*Prioritize infiltration of runoff from source areas that are comparatively less contaminated such as  roofs, low traffic roads and parking areas; and,
*Apply sedimentation pretreatment practices (e.g., oil and grit separators) before infiltration of road or parking area runoff.
 
<h3>Heavy Vehicle Traffic</h3>
Permeable pavement is not typically used in locations subject to heavy loads. Some permeable pavers are designed for heavy loads and have been used in commercial port loading and storage areas.
 
<h3>Water Table</h3>
The base of permeable pavement stone reservoir should be at least one (1) metre above the seasonally high water table or bedrock elevation.
 
<h3>Setbacks from Buildings</h3>
Permeable pavement should be located downslope from building foundations. If the pavement does not receive runoff from other surfaces, no setback is required from building foundations. Otherwise, a minimum setback of four (4) metres down-gradient from building foundations is recommended.
 
<h3>On Private Property</h3>
If permeable pavement systems are installed on private lots, property owners  or managers will need to be educated on their routine maintenance needs, understand the long-term maintenance plan, and may be subject to a legally binding maintenance agreement. An incentive program such as a storm sewer user fee based on the area of impervious cover on a property that is directly connected to a storm sewer could be used to encourage property owners or managers to maintain existing practices.
 
==Design==
<h3>Modeling permeable paving in the Treatment Train Tool</h3>
'''[[Permeable paving: TTT]]'''
 
<h3>Sizing Stone Reservoirs</h3>
'''[[Permeable paving: Sizing and modeling]]'''
 
<h3>Materials</h3>
The manufacturer should be consulted for the design specifications of their product. In pervious concrete and porous asphalt systems, the concrete or asphalt mix specifications and construction procedure are key to proper functioning. These systems require well trained and experienced contractors for installation.<br>
'''[[Specifications]]'''
 
<h4>Proprietary blocks</h4>
 
<h4>Cast in place</h4>
 
<h4>Stone Reservoir</h4>
The stone reservoir must meet both runoff storage and structural support requirements.
The bottom of the reservoir should be level so that water infiltrates evenly. If the system is not designed for infiltration, the bottom should slope at 1 - 5% toward the underdrain.
{{:Gravel}}
 
<h4>Geotextile</h4>
{{:Geotextiles}}
 
==Performance==
Permeable pavers can be classified according to the infiltration rate of the underlying subsoil into two categories:
*Full Infiltration: Full infiltration designs are more effective because little if any of the pollutants generated on the impermeable surfaces leave the site as surface runoff.
*Partial Infiltration: Partial infiltration designs with underdrains generate more runoff.
Studies in North Carolina have shown the average curve number of permeable pavements to range from a low of 45 to a high of 89. <ref>Bean, E.Z., Hunt, W, F., Bidelspach, D.A. 2007a. Evaluation of Four Permeable Pavement Sites in Eastern North Carolina for Runoff Reduction and Water Quality Impacts. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. Vol. 133. No. 6. pp. 583-592.</ref>
 
==Construction Considerations==
Construction of permeable pavement is a specialized project and should involve experienced contractors. The following general recommendations apply:
*Sediment Control: The treatment area should be fully protected during construction so that no sediment reaches the permeable pavement system and proper erosion and sediment controls must be maintained on site.
*Weather: Porous asphalt and pervious concrete will not properly pour and set in extremely high and low temperatures <ref>City of Portland. 2004. Portland Stormwater Management Manual. Prepared by the
Bureau of Environmental Services (BES). Portland, OR.</ref>.  One benefit to using permeable pavers is that their installation is not weather dependent.
*Pavement placement: Properly installed permeable pavement requires trained and experienced producers and construction contractors.
 
==Inspection and Maintenance==
Like all other stormwater practices, permeable pavement requires regular inspection and maintenance to ensure that it functions properly.The limiting factor for permeable pavers is clogging within the aggregate layers, filler, or underdrain. Ideally, signs should be posted on the site identifying permeable paver and porous pavement areas. This can also serve as a public awareness and education opportunity.<br>
'''[[The maintenance procedures and preventative measures ]]'''
 
==Life Cycle Costs==
Initial construction costs for permeable pavements are typically higher than conventional asphalt pavement surfaces, largely due to thicker aggregate base needed for stormwater storage. However, the cost difference is reduced or eliminated when total life-cycle costs, or the total cost to construct and maintain the pavement over its lifespan, are considered. Other savings and benefits may also be realized, including reduced need for storm sewer pipes and other stormwater practices, less developable land consumed for stormwater treatment, and ancillary benefits such as improved aesthetics and reduced urban heat island effect. These systems are especially cost effective in existing urban development where parking lot expansion is needed, but there is not sufficient space for other types of BMPs. They combine parking, stormwater infiltration, retention, and detention into one facility.
 
==Incentives and Credits==
 
 
==References==
<references/>
 
==Proprietary Links==
{{:Disclaimer}}
<h3>Pre-cast</h3>
*[https://unilock.com/products/driveways/eco-optiloc/?region=1 Eco-Optioc, Unilock]
*[https://oakspavers.com/products/enviro-pavers Enviro Pavers, Oaks]
*[http://nilex.com/products/pavedrain Pavedrain, distributed by Nilex]
*[http://santerrastonecraft.com/landscape/paving-stones/terra-flo Terra flo, Santerra]
*[http://www.storm-crete.com/ Stormcrete]
<h3>Poured in place</h3>

Latest revision as of 18:38, 6 August 2020

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