Difference between revisions of "Wetlands: Plants"

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The most common types of emergent vegetation used in North American wetlands are cattails (Typha spp.), bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), and reeds (Phragmites spp.), although a variety of other wetland vegetation can be used as well. In many cases, monocultures are recommended rather than attempting to support biodiverse vegetation since the more “aggressive”, stress-resistant wetland plants (e.g., cattails) will quickly displace others if they are present.
<poem>
These are '''not''' the plants recommended for [[bioretention cells]], [[rain gardens]] etc.
Bioretention cells, [[bioswales]] and similar structures normally have dry to moderate 'soil' conditions.
If you're looking for bioretention plants, you may choose from all of these [[Graminoids: List|grasses]], [[Perennials: List| perennials]], [[Shrubs: List|shrubs]], and [[Trees: List|trees]].
</poem>
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The most common types of emergent vegetation used in North American [[wetlands]] are:
*cattails (''Typha spp.''),  
*bulrushes (''Scirpus spp.''), and  
*reeds (''Phragmites spp.''),  
although a variety of other wetland vegetation can be used as well. In many cases, planting a monoculture may be recommended rather than attempting to support biodiverse vegetation, since the more “aggressive”, stress-resistant wetland plants (e.g., cattails) will quickly displace others if they are present. In surface flow wetlands, cattails and bulrushes are the most common types of emergent vegetation used. The most common type of plant used in sub-surface flow wetlands is reeds, but cattails, bulrushes, reed canary grass (Pharis arundinacea) and managrass (Glyceria maxima) have also been used.<ref>Jacques Whitford Consultants, 2008. CONSTRUCTED & ENGINEERED WETLANDS p. 1-21</ref>


In surface flow wetlands, cattails and bulrushes are the most common types of emergent vegetation used. The most common type of plant used in sub-surface flow wetlands is reeds, but cattails, bulrushes, reed canary grass (Pharis arundinacea) and managrass (Glyceria maxima) have also been used.<ref>Jacques Whitford Consultants, 2008. CONSTRUCTED & ENGINEERED WETLANDS p. 1-21</ref>
{{Textbox|1='''ALL''' of the plants listed above have issues associated with invasive species and/or hybridization between native and invasive species in Ontario.<br>
If you are uncertain in making the correct selection, see the [[#External links|external links]] below for Provincial advice and specialist organisations that can help.}}
 
{|class= "wikitable sortable" "style=text-align: center;"
|+ Sortable table, click on header you wish to select wetland plants by:
|-
!Scientific Name
!Common Name
!Native
!Partial shade tolerance
!Drought Tolerance<br>1=Low<br>2=Med<br>3=High
!Salt Tolerance<br>1=Low<br>2=Med<br>3=High
!Pollution tolerance
!Compaction tolerance
!STEP star!
!Illustration
|-
|[https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=scta2 ''Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani'' (''Scirpus validus'']) || Soft-stem Bulrush ||Y||  || 1 || 2-3 || Y ||  || ||[[File:Kare kaisel.JPG|frameless|upright=0.35]]
|-
|[https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=scat2 ''Scirpus atrovirens''] || Dark-green Bulrush ||Y||  || 1 || 2 || Y ||  || ||[[File:Scirpus atrovirens.jpeg|frameless|upright=0.35]]
|-
|[https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=sccy ''Scirpus cyperinus''] || Cottongrass Bulrush ||Y||  || 2 || 2 ||  ||  || ||[[File:Scirpus cyperinus jheiser.jpg|frameless|upright=0.35]]
|-
|[https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=tyla ''Typha latifolia''] || Broad-leaf Cattail ||Y||  || 1 || 2-3 || Y ||  || ||[[File:Typha latifolia 02 bgiu.jpg|frameless|upright=0.35]]
|}
 
===Links===
*[[Plants]]
 
==External links==
*[https://dr6j45jk9xcmk.cloudfront.net/documents/2677/stdprod-104351.pdf List of invasive aquatic plants Ontario MNR (includes Glyceria maxima)]
*[https://www.ontarioinvasiveplants.ca/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/OIPC_BMP_ReedCanaryGrass.pdf Phalaris arundinacea BMP Ontario MNR]
*[https://dr6j45jk9xcmk.cloudfront.net/documents/2675/stdprod-089643.pdf Phragmites BMP Ontario MNR]
*[https://www.opwg.ca/ Ontario Phragmites Working Group]
 
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Latest revision as of 20:18, 11 October 2018

These are not the plants recommended for bioretention cells, rain gardens etc.
Bioretention cells, bioswales and similar structures normally have dry to moderate 'soil' conditions.
If you're looking for bioretention plants, you may choose from all of these grasses, perennials, shrubs, and trees.


The most common types of emergent vegetation used in North American wetlands are:

  • cattails (Typha spp.),
  • bulrushes (Scirpus spp.), and
  • reeds (Phragmites spp.),

although a variety of other wetland vegetation can be used as well. In many cases, planting a monoculture may be recommended rather than attempting to support biodiverse vegetation, since the more “aggressive”, stress-resistant wetland plants (e.g., cattails) will quickly displace others if they are present. In surface flow wetlands, cattails and bulrushes are the most common types of emergent vegetation used. The most common type of plant used in sub-surface flow wetlands is reeds, but cattails, bulrushes, reed canary grass (Pharis arundinacea) and managrass (Glyceria maxima) have also been used.[1]

ALL of the plants listed above have issues associated with invasive species and/or hybridization between native and invasive species in Ontario.
If you are uncertain in making the correct selection, see the external links below for Provincial advice and specialist organisations that can help.

Sortable table, click on header you wish to select wetland plants by:
Scientific Name Common Name Native Partial shade tolerance Drought Tolerance
1=Low
2=Med
3=High
Salt Tolerance
1=Low
2=Med
3=High
Pollution tolerance Compaction tolerance STEP star! Illustration
Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani (Scirpus validus) Soft-stem Bulrush Y 1 2-3 Y Kare kaisel.JPG
Scirpus atrovirens Dark-green Bulrush Y 1 2 Y Scirpus atrovirens.jpeg
Scirpus cyperinus Cottongrass Bulrush Y 2 2 Scirpus cyperinus jheiser.jpg
Typha latifolia Broad-leaf Cattail Y 1 2-3 Y Typha latifolia 02 bgiu.jpg

Links[edit]

External links[edit]


  1. Jacques Whitford Consultants, 2008. CONSTRUCTED & ENGINEERED WETLANDS p. 1-21