Integrated water management

Introduction

Historic approaches to stormwater management – which initially focused on conveyance, followed by flood control and eventually some aspects of water quality – failed to address the full range of water resources related issues associated with stormwater runoff. To adequately deal with changes to the volume, rate and timing of runoff, and to design source, conveyance and end-of-pipe controls capable of satisfying groundwater recharge, water quality, variable environmental flow targets, and other goals, a holistic, integrated approach to stormwater planning and management is required. To achieve this, a robust, interdisciplinary team consisting of infrastructure planners, water resources engineers, geomorphologists, hydrogeologists, ecologists, fisheries biologists, landscape architects and others must come together in order to define key targets and resource management goals underpinning the one water approach.

The one water approach

Changes in the relative magnitude of various hydrologic pathways resulting from land use and water management decisions. (Image credit: Healthy Waterways)

The one water approach is predicated on the fact that drinking water, wastewater and stormwater systems share intrinsic connections, and that none of these systems can be managed in isolation from one another. The ultimate goal of the one water approach is to mimic the natural hydrologic cycle. The figure to the right illustrates how different hydrologic components are altered as progressive urbanization occurs.

The Water Sensitive Urban Design (WSUD) panel illustrates how the pre-development water balance can be largely maintained using the One Water approach (note: WSUD is a term commonly used in the Middle East and Australia, and is similar is nature to the term LID, which is the most-commonly used term in North America). In the natural hydrologic cycle, evapotranspiration and infiltration are the dominant pathways within the hydrologic cycle, and as a result this condition produces relatively little runoff. In urban environments, a rise in impervious surfaces coupled with a net loss of vegetation (interception storage and evapotranspiration) and the implementation of a dense storm sewer network significantly reduce evapotranspiration and infiltration and produce large amounts of urban runoff in much shorter timeframes. Within the urban water balance, piped and/or pumped potable water and wastewater discharges are also represented within the cycle.

Water resource management in Ontario

In Ontario, water management and planning is consistent with municipal land-use planning and is largely done as part of the master planning, watershed planning, and environmental planning process, which are the responsibilities of municipalities and conservation authorities. In order to successfully carry out integrated water management in Ontario, the planning process should be undertaken through a collaborative, interdisciplinary process. This will maximize the likelihood that management plans will satisfy the specific needs of the individual parties who are responsible for providing both water services and water management. Successful application of the One Water approach requires that management and planning optimization for drinking water, wastewater and stormwater systems all be carried out at the appropriate scale. For the purposes of safeguarding life and property against the ravages of flooding and degraded water quality, and in order to meet the needs of biotic life support systems, the appropriate scale for management is at the watershed level. Since watershed boundaries transcend municipal boundaries, a spirit of collaboration between neighbouring municipalities is also required. In order to optimize the aforementioned systems, adequate planning surrounding other components is also required.

Key components include:

• Long-term infrastructure master plans
• Asset management plans (for DW, WW and SW infrastructure)
• Financial plans
• Water conservation plans
• Risk assessments for both existing and anticipated future risks (including the growing risks posed by climate change), and
• Strategies to maintain and improve water management services.

Movement of water from one location to another.

The portion of water precipitated onto a catchment area, which then flows as surface discharge from the catchment area past a specified point.

Water from rain, snow melt, or irrigation that flows over the land surface.

Increases in groundwater storage by natural conditions or by human activity. See also artificial recharge

The inflow of surface water to a groundwater reservoir or aquifer.

The circulation of water from the atmosphere to the earth and back, through precipitation, runoff, infiltration, groundwater flow and evapotranspiration.

The changing of land cover and land uses from rural to urban; the growth of urban settlements.

refers to the characteristics and functions of a system prior to urban development.

The accounting of inflow and outflow of water in a system according to the components of the hydrologic cycle.

Low Impact Development. A stormwater management strategy that seeks to mitigate the impacts of increased urban runoff and stormwater pollution by managing it as close to its source as possible. It comprises a set of site design approaches and small scale stormwater management practices that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration and evapotranspiration, and rainwater harvesting.

The quantity of water transpired (given off). Retained in plant tissues, and evaporated from plant tissues and surrounding soil surfaces. Quantitatively it is usually expressed in terms of depth of water per unit area during a specified period. e.g. mm/day

The combined loss of water to the atmosphere from land and water surfaces by evaporation and from plants by transpiration.

A hard surface area (e.g., road, parking area or rooftop) that prevents or retards the infiltration of water into the soil.

The interception, storage and eventual evaporation of rainfall from vegetation canopies.

Reduction in applied water due to more efficient water use such as implementation of Urban Best Management Practices or Agricultural Efficient Water Management Practices. The extent to which these actions actually create a savings in water supply depends on how they affect net water use and depletion.