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**''Duffins Creek'': 25 times the CWQG limit for chronic effects & ~5 times the CWQG limit for acute effects of aquatic organisms.
**''Duffins Creek'': 25 times the CWQG limit for chronic effects & ~5 times the CWQG limit for acute effects of aquatic organisms.
*These high values pose a considerable threat to fish, aquatic organisms, and ecosystem health overall - especially considering the frequency and duration of these values in major watercourses in urbanized areas of the province. The findings highlight the need for increased water monitoring efforts and requirements for new sensor technology to capture and accurate representation of the current state of our rivers and streams. (Wallace, et al. 2022.<ref>Wallace, A., Hitch, C., Ruppert, J., Chomicki, K., Cartwright, L., and VanSeters, T. 2022. Freshwater Salinization. Water Canada. January/February 2022. WC122. Digital. https://cdn.watercanada.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/17161341/WC122_JanFeb2022_DIGITAL.pdf</ref>
*These high values pose a considerable threat to fish, aquatic organisms, and ecosystem health overall - especially considering the frequency and duration of these values in major watercourses in urbanized areas of the province. The findings highlight the need for increased water monitoring efforts and requirements for new sensor technology to capture and accurate representation of the current state of our rivers and streams. (Wallace, et al. 2022.<ref>Wallace, A., Hitch, C., Ruppert, J., Chomicki, K., Cartwright, L., and VanSeters, T. 2022. Freshwater Salinization. Water Canada. January/February 2022. WC122. Digital. https://cdn.watercanada.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/17161341/WC122_JanFeb2022_DIGITAL.pdf</ref>
==Salt Alternatives==
Due to rock salt's numerous impacts on both infrastructure and the environment numerous studies have been conducted to determine if there are adequate alternatives to the practice of salt applciation to parking ltos and roads. These include sand, organic-icing materials (agricultural by-products), and salt water brine to name a few.
Below find a summary table of common de-icers and alternatives in comparison to rock salt regarding lowest working temperature, cost estimations and average application rates.
{|class="wikitable"
|+Comparison of Commonly used De-icers
|-
!Deicer
!Cost Estimate (low $ - high $$$$)
!Typical Application Rates (average range)
!Lowest Practical Working Temperature (°C)
|-
|NaCl (Rock Salt)
|$
|~130 kg/2 lane km, depending on conditions (range 70-220 kg/2-lane km in Lake Simcoe watershed)
| -9
|-
|MgCl2 (Liquid Brine)
|$$
|Liquid anti-icing: 35-59 L/2-lane km
| -15
|-
|CaCl2 (Liquid Brine)
|$$$
|Liquid anti-icing: 35-59 L/2-lane km
| -29
|-
|Treated Rock Salt
|$$
|72-130 kg/2-lane km
| -17
|-
|Calcium Magnesium Acetate
|$$$$$
|219-292 kg/2-lane km (for first application, lower for subsequent due to residual effect)
| -7
|-
|Agricultural By-Products
|Varied Cost ($$ - $$$$)
|Varies; often used to pre-wet rock salt – less salt is required, lowest effective temperature is reduced
| -17 to -23
|}
==Design Strategies for Salt Reduction==
==Design Strategies for Salt Reduction==