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Created page with "thumb|500px|Placement of permeable pavers during construction. {{TOClimit|2}} ==Overview== Porous Asphalt are an alternative to traditional impervious pavements that allow stormwater to drain through them and into a storage reservoir below. Depending on the native soil properties and site constraints, the system may be designed for full infiltration, partial infiltration, or as a non-infiltrating detenti..."
[[File:PermeablePavementConstruction.jpg|thumb|500px|Placement of permeable pavers during construction.]]
{{TOClimit|2}}
==Overview==
[[Permeable pavement|Porous Asphalt]] are an alternative to traditional impervious pavements that allow stormwater to drain through them and into a storage reservoir below. Depending on the native soil properties and site constraints, the system may be designed for full infiltration, partial infiltration, or as a non-infiltrating detention and filtration only practice. They can be used for low traffic roads, parking, driveways, and walk ways, and are ideal where space for other surface BMPs is limited. Permeable pavement types include:
• permeable interlocking pavers (concrete or composite materials)
• grid systems (concrete or composite materials)
• pervious concrete (poured-in-place or pre-cast)
• porous asphalt
• permeable articulating block/mat systems
For the sake of this page and associated costs/figures below the inmformation found here relate to '''Permeable Pavers''', for costs and information associated with [[LID LCCT: Porous Asphalt|Porous Asphalt click here]]. STEP conducted life cycle costs estimates for each of permeable pavements 3 design configurations which can be viewed below. To design your own life cycle cost estimates that can be adapted to fit your project budget and unique development needs access the updated [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/lid-lcct/ LCCT Tool here].
==Design Guidance==
Permeable pavers are ideal for sites with limited space and projects such as low traffic roads, parking lots, driveways and walkways. Components include: interlocking pavers, precast pervious slabs, cast in place surface, bedding course, and underground storage layer. Additional components include an underdrain to remove excess water and soil additives to enhance pollutant removal.
====STEP recommendations:====
*[[Bedding layer]] and [[Permeable pavements: Specifications|joint filler]] should consist of [[clear stone]] and [[gravel]] rather than [[sand]] to prevent [[clogging]].
*Granular materials should not be applied as anti-skid agents during [[winter]] because they can quickly clog the system.
*[[Winter Management|Winter maintenance]] practices should be limited to plowing, with [[Salt|de-icing salts]] applied sparingly.
*The [[Permeable pavements: Specifications|slope]] of the permeable pavement surface should be at least 1% and no greater than 5%.
*The impervious land surrounding and draining onto the pavement should not exceed the area of the permeable pavement (1:1 / I:P ratio).
*Pervious surfaces should not drain onto the pavement.
*The [[Permeable pavements: Specifications|storage layer]] must be [[Permeable pavements: Sizing|sized to accommodate runoff]] from the pavement and any impermeable areas draining to it.<br>
====Tool defaults based on STEP recommendations:====
* Maximum drainage area to surface area ratio of 1:1 (or 4:1 for roofs that contribute clean runoff to the practice)
* Default Bedding depth of 50 millimeters.
* Default Base depth of 100 millimeters.
* An underdrain (minimum 150 mm perforated pipe) is only needed when native soil infiltration is less than 15 mm/hr or infiltration is precluded.
===Design Notes===
* The tool calculates costs for new designs and includes costs for contractor overhead and profit, material, delivery, labour, equipment (rental, operating and operator costs), hauling and disposal. Mobilization and demobilization costs not included. The tool adds 10% contingency and additional overhead.
* Design and Engineering cost estimates are not calculated by the tool and must be supplied by the user.
* Unit costs are based on 2018 pricing; the tool automatically adds inflation. See the Assumptions sheet in the tool for further details.
* The cost of retrofitting is ~16% higher than the cost of new construction.
** Retrofit costs are included in the 'Costs Summary' section and can be added to the Total Construction Cost for increased accuracy.<br>
<small>'''Note''': Permeable Pavements (all 3 design scenarios): Assumes that replacement of pavers occurs at 8 years, and a full rehabilitation of the practice is performed at 30 years.</small>
==Construction Costs==
[[File:Construction Breakdown PP No Infil.PNG|thumb|right|400px|'''Construction Costs Per Unit Drainage Area (CAD$/m<sup>2</sup>) - No Infiltration Design, 25 mm Retention''']]
[[File:Construction Breakdown PP Full Infil.PNG|thumb|left|400px|'''Construction Costs Per Unit Drainage Area (CAD$/m<sup>2</sup>) - Full Infiltration Design, 25 mm Treatment''']]
[[File:Construction Breakdown PP Partial Infil.PNG|thumb|center|400px|'''Construction Costs Per Unit Drainage Area (CAD$/m<sup>2</sup>) - Partial Infiltration Design, 25 mm Retention''']]
<small>'''Note:''' Please click on each image to enlarge to view associated construction cost results.</small><br>
Above you can find a cost breakdown of a 1000m<sup>2</sup> in three different configurations:<br>
#[[Permeable pavements#Design|Non-infiltrating/filtration only Permeable Pavement]],
#[[Permeable pavements#Design|Partial infiltration Permeable Pavement]]
#[[Permeable pavements#Design|Full infiltration Permeable Pavement]]
As can be seen the greatest cost for this practice (regardless of configuration type) will be Material & Installation, which include costly components such as the, [[Liner|impermeable membrane/liner]], the [[underdrain]], the [[Permeable pavements#Foundation Aggregates|sub-base]] of 50mm [[clear stone]], base of 19mm [[clear stone]] and the [[Bedding layer|bedding pavers themselves]].
==Life Cycle Costs==
Below are both the capital and life cycle costs of the three [[bioretention]] configuration practices over a 25 and 50-year time horizon based on a detailed assessment of local input costs, maintenance requirements, rehabilitation costs and design scenarios relevant to Canadian climates. The costs of maintenance and rehabilitation (Life cycle costs) are set at "Present Value" of these activities in 2022.
Looking at the pie charts below for each configuration we can see that they are all relatively close to being the same cost with a variation of a few hundred dollars between each over both a 25 and 50-year time horizon. The percentage of the [[Bioretention: Full infiltration|Full Infitlration]] configuration is greater than the other two due to the lesser cost of the overall installation for material and Installation, (no underdrains, no gravel storage layer or impermeable membrane, etc.).
===25-Year life cycle cost break down===
[[File:25yr LCCT PP Full Infil.PNG|thumb|left|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Full infiltration''']]
[[File:25yr LCCT PP No Infil.PNG|thumb|right|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Non-infiltrating''']]
[[File:25yr LCCT PP Partial Infil.PNG|thumb|center|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Partial infiltration''']]
<small>'''Note:''' Please click on each image to enlarge to view associated life cycle cost results.</small><br>
===50-Year life cycle cost break down===
[[File:50yr LCCT PP Full Infil.PNG|thumb|left|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Full infiltration''']]
[[File:50yr LCCT PP No Infil.PNG|thumb|right|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Non-infiltrating''']]
[[File:50yr LCCT PP Partial Infil.PNG|thumb|center|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Partial infiltration''']]
<small>'''Note:''' Please click on each image to enlarge to view associated life cycle cost results.</small><br>
==Total Cost & Design Summary==
As previously discussed the three [[Permeable pavement]] configurations total cost summary vary greatly dependent on whether you want your feature to possess full infiltration, no infiltration, or partial infiltration. In short the most expensive of these options is the '''Permeable Pavement: No infiltration''' option ($187,356.33 vs. $168,085.10 - partial infiltration and $162,491.78 - full infiltration). The same can be said for construction + associated retrofit costs with each configuration design ($217,333.34 vs. $194,978.72 - partial infiltration and $188,490.47 - full infiltration). This configuration costs more than the other two predominantly due to the addition of an over 1,100m<sup>2</sup> [[Liner|Impermeable membrane]] (0.762 mm High Density Polyethylene-HDPE), which costs $24,181.47. This difference in price accounts for all three configurations possessing the exact same surface area footprint of 1,000m<sup>2</sup>. As a reminder, it is important to understand your site's surrounding native soil infiltration rate to ensure you are selecting the appropriate design and if your site is located within a [[Source Water Protection#LID Site Considerations|WHPA]] or [[Pollution prevention|Pollution hotspot]], thus requiring a non-infiltration practice such as the aforementioned configuration of a permeable pavement feature. <br>
A final note regarding the accuracy of the LCCT. A follow up sensitivity analysis study was conducted by CVC & STEP back in 2019 to test the tool's accuracy. The analysis took designs from 6 completed projects (4 [[bioretention]], 1 [[permeable pavement]], and 1 [[infiltration trench]]), and ran them through the tool comparing construction costing results from the LCCT to actual construction costs for the projects. The accuracy target set for the tool was plus-or-minus 30% of actual construction costs.<br>
'''The analysis found that the tool was on average (±14%) to actual construction costs'''<ref>Credit Vally Conservation (CVC). 2019. Life-cycle costing tool 2019 update: sensitivity analysis. Credit Valley Conservation, Mississauga, Ontario. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/04/LCCT-Sensitivity-Analysis_March2020.pdf</ref>
===Full Infiltration===
[[File:PICPchicago.jpg|thumb|500px||Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement (PICP) on a narrow road between buildings in Chicago (Source: ICPI)]]
[[File:Design Table PP Full Infil.PNG|700px]]<br>
</br>
===Partial Infiltration===
[[File:Design Table PP Partial Infil.PNG|700px]]<br>
</br>
===Non-Infiltrating/filtration only===
[[File:Design Table PP No Infil.PNG|700px]]<br>
==References==
{{TOClimit|2}}
==Overview==
[[Permeable pavement|Porous Asphalt]] are an alternative to traditional impervious pavements that allow stormwater to drain through them and into a storage reservoir below. Depending on the native soil properties and site constraints, the system may be designed for full infiltration, partial infiltration, or as a non-infiltrating detention and filtration only practice. They can be used for low traffic roads, parking, driveways, and walk ways, and are ideal where space for other surface BMPs is limited. Permeable pavement types include:
• permeable interlocking pavers (concrete or composite materials)
• grid systems (concrete or composite materials)
• pervious concrete (poured-in-place or pre-cast)
• porous asphalt
• permeable articulating block/mat systems
For the sake of this page and associated costs/figures below the inmformation found here relate to '''Permeable Pavers''', for costs and information associated with [[LID LCCT: Porous Asphalt|Porous Asphalt click here]]. STEP conducted life cycle costs estimates for each of permeable pavements 3 design configurations which can be viewed below. To design your own life cycle cost estimates that can be adapted to fit your project budget and unique development needs access the updated [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/lid-lcct/ LCCT Tool here].
==Design Guidance==
Permeable pavers are ideal for sites with limited space and projects such as low traffic roads, parking lots, driveways and walkways. Components include: interlocking pavers, precast pervious slabs, cast in place surface, bedding course, and underground storage layer. Additional components include an underdrain to remove excess water and soil additives to enhance pollutant removal.
====STEP recommendations:====
*[[Bedding layer]] and [[Permeable pavements: Specifications|joint filler]] should consist of [[clear stone]] and [[gravel]] rather than [[sand]] to prevent [[clogging]].
*Granular materials should not be applied as anti-skid agents during [[winter]] because they can quickly clog the system.
*[[Winter Management|Winter maintenance]] practices should be limited to plowing, with [[Salt|de-icing salts]] applied sparingly.
*The [[Permeable pavements: Specifications|slope]] of the permeable pavement surface should be at least 1% and no greater than 5%.
*The impervious land surrounding and draining onto the pavement should not exceed the area of the permeable pavement (1:1 / I:P ratio).
*Pervious surfaces should not drain onto the pavement.
*The [[Permeable pavements: Specifications|storage layer]] must be [[Permeable pavements: Sizing|sized to accommodate runoff]] from the pavement and any impermeable areas draining to it.<br>
====Tool defaults based on STEP recommendations:====
* Maximum drainage area to surface area ratio of 1:1 (or 4:1 for roofs that contribute clean runoff to the practice)
* Default Bedding depth of 50 millimeters.
* Default Base depth of 100 millimeters.
* An underdrain (minimum 150 mm perforated pipe) is only needed when native soil infiltration is less than 15 mm/hr or infiltration is precluded.
===Design Notes===
* The tool calculates costs for new designs and includes costs for contractor overhead and profit, material, delivery, labour, equipment (rental, operating and operator costs), hauling and disposal. Mobilization and demobilization costs not included. The tool adds 10% contingency and additional overhead.
* Design and Engineering cost estimates are not calculated by the tool and must be supplied by the user.
* Unit costs are based on 2018 pricing; the tool automatically adds inflation. See the Assumptions sheet in the tool for further details.
* The cost of retrofitting is ~16% higher than the cost of new construction.
** Retrofit costs are included in the 'Costs Summary' section and can be added to the Total Construction Cost for increased accuracy.<br>
<small>'''Note''': Permeable Pavements (all 3 design scenarios): Assumes that replacement of pavers occurs at 8 years, and a full rehabilitation of the practice is performed at 30 years.</small>
==Construction Costs==
[[File:Construction Breakdown PP No Infil.PNG|thumb|right|400px|'''Construction Costs Per Unit Drainage Area (CAD$/m<sup>2</sup>) - No Infiltration Design, 25 mm Retention''']]
[[File:Construction Breakdown PP Full Infil.PNG|thumb|left|400px|'''Construction Costs Per Unit Drainage Area (CAD$/m<sup>2</sup>) - Full Infiltration Design, 25 mm Treatment''']]
[[File:Construction Breakdown PP Partial Infil.PNG|thumb|center|400px|'''Construction Costs Per Unit Drainage Area (CAD$/m<sup>2</sup>) - Partial Infiltration Design, 25 mm Retention''']]
<small>'''Note:''' Please click on each image to enlarge to view associated construction cost results.</small><br>
Above you can find a cost breakdown of a 1000m<sup>2</sup> in three different configurations:<br>
#[[Permeable pavements#Design|Non-infiltrating/filtration only Permeable Pavement]],
#[[Permeable pavements#Design|Partial infiltration Permeable Pavement]]
#[[Permeable pavements#Design|Full infiltration Permeable Pavement]]
As can be seen the greatest cost for this practice (regardless of configuration type) will be Material & Installation, which include costly components such as the, [[Liner|impermeable membrane/liner]], the [[underdrain]], the [[Permeable pavements#Foundation Aggregates|sub-base]] of 50mm [[clear stone]], base of 19mm [[clear stone]] and the [[Bedding layer|bedding pavers themselves]].
==Life Cycle Costs==
Below are both the capital and life cycle costs of the three [[bioretention]] configuration practices over a 25 and 50-year time horizon based on a detailed assessment of local input costs, maintenance requirements, rehabilitation costs and design scenarios relevant to Canadian climates. The costs of maintenance and rehabilitation (Life cycle costs) are set at "Present Value" of these activities in 2022.
Looking at the pie charts below for each configuration we can see that they are all relatively close to being the same cost with a variation of a few hundred dollars between each over both a 25 and 50-year time horizon. The percentage of the [[Bioretention: Full infiltration|Full Infitlration]] configuration is greater than the other two due to the lesser cost of the overall installation for material and Installation, (no underdrains, no gravel storage layer or impermeable membrane, etc.).
===25-Year life cycle cost break down===
[[File:25yr LCCT PP Full Infil.PNG|thumb|left|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Full infiltration''']]
[[File:25yr LCCT PP No Infil.PNG|thumb|right|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Non-infiltrating''']]
[[File:25yr LCCT PP Partial Infil.PNG|thumb|center|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Partial infiltration''']]
<small>'''Note:''' Please click on each image to enlarge to view associated life cycle cost results.</small><br>
===50-Year life cycle cost break down===
[[File:50yr LCCT PP Full Infil.PNG|thumb|left|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Full infiltration''']]
[[File:50yr LCCT PP No Infil.PNG|thumb|right|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Non-infiltrating''']]
[[File:50yr LCCT PP Partial Infil.PNG|thumb|center|400px|'''Permeable Pavement: Partial infiltration''']]
<small>'''Note:''' Please click on each image to enlarge to view associated life cycle cost results.</small><br>
==Total Cost & Design Summary==
As previously discussed the three [[Permeable pavement]] configurations total cost summary vary greatly dependent on whether you want your feature to possess full infiltration, no infiltration, or partial infiltration. In short the most expensive of these options is the '''Permeable Pavement: No infiltration''' option ($187,356.33 vs. $168,085.10 - partial infiltration and $162,491.78 - full infiltration). The same can be said for construction + associated retrofit costs with each configuration design ($217,333.34 vs. $194,978.72 - partial infiltration and $188,490.47 - full infiltration). This configuration costs more than the other two predominantly due to the addition of an over 1,100m<sup>2</sup> [[Liner|Impermeable membrane]] (0.762 mm High Density Polyethylene-HDPE), which costs $24,181.47. This difference in price accounts for all three configurations possessing the exact same surface area footprint of 1,000m<sup>2</sup>. As a reminder, it is important to understand your site's surrounding native soil infiltration rate to ensure you are selecting the appropriate design and if your site is located within a [[Source Water Protection#LID Site Considerations|WHPA]] or [[Pollution prevention|Pollution hotspot]], thus requiring a non-infiltration practice such as the aforementioned configuration of a permeable pavement feature. <br>
A final note regarding the accuracy of the LCCT. A follow up sensitivity analysis study was conducted by CVC & STEP back in 2019 to test the tool's accuracy. The analysis took designs from 6 completed projects (4 [[bioretention]], 1 [[permeable pavement]], and 1 [[infiltration trench]]), and ran them through the tool comparing construction costing results from the LCCT to actual construction costs for the projects. The accuracy target set for the tool was plus-or-minus 30% of actual construction costs.<br>
'''The analysis found that the tool was on average (±14%) to actual construction costs'''<ref>Credit Vally Conservation (CVC). 2019. Life-cycle costing tool 2019 update: sensitivity analysis. Credit Valley Conservation, Mississauga, Ontario. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/04/LCCT-Sensitivity-Analysis_March2020.pdf</ref>
===Full Infiltration===
[[File:PICPchicago.jpg|thumb|500px||Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement (PICP) on a narrow road between buildings in Chicago (Source: ICPI)]]
[[File:Design Table PP Full Infil.PNG|700px]]<br>
</br>
===Partial Infiltration===
[[File:Design Table PP Partial Infil.PNG|700px]]<br>
</br>
===Non-Infiltrating/filtration only===
[[File:Design Table PP No Infil.PNG|700px]]<br>
==References==