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Line 15: |-| Communication and Utilities Coordination|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x Line 48:
Line 51: | rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;"| Finishing Grades:<br> Inlet, Outlet, <br>Biomedia and Plants || Finishing Grading || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x Line 60:
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==Construction Tasks Described=====Pre-Construction (KM)===
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[[File:Fail bio.PNG|280px|thumb|center|]]
[[File:ESC perpendicular grooves.jpg|280px|thumb|center]][[File:Scarification.JPG|400px|thumb|center]][[File:Stockpile in gutter.jpg|500px|thumb|If it were to rain, fines from this stockpile would go straight into the downstream catchbasin|center]]'''ESC Inspection and Maintenance'''<br>
===Excavation and Mass Grading (KM)===
===Backfill Granular and Pipes (JC)===
'''Storage Reservoir'''<br>''INSERT YOUTUBE LINK: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ng_s2ErvPqk&t=58s <br>''The storage reservoir layer holds and directs the stormwater into the underlying/native soils. The LID facilities, if applicable, should be filled with uniformly graded, washed stone (20 mm – 50 mm) that provides 30 to 40% void space. #Backfill material from outside of the LID facility to avoid compaction and sediment entering the facilities. Use a slinger truck if possible.#Place the material to the elevation and thickness as per the design specifications. Key Inspection Points:*Material arrival to the site: **Check chain of custody**Verify it meets specifications as per design **Verify no debris or fines within the aggregate (it’s a washed stone)*Granular material should be 19 - 50 mm clear stone or as per design. See [[Aggregates]] for further details.*Installed aggregate is at the correct elevation as per design. Mistakes to Avoid:*Accepting material that does not meet design requirements and specifications.*Installing material with heavy equipment from the inside of the LID facility*Installing frozen aggregate. Do not install frozen aggregate*Leaving heavy equipment (excavator) for long periods of time within the LID facility. For more information on the storage reservoir, see the page: [[Reservoir aggregate]]. '''Stone Choker Layer'''<br> ''INSERT VIDEO: K:\Watershed Management\Integrated Water Management Implementation\Fletchers Creek SNAP\Haggert Ave Road Retrofit\3 - Photos\Construction Overview Presentation\Video--> HaggertAve_Final.MP4'' In LID facilities, a choker layer of ≥ 100 mm depth is recommended to prevent migration of finer filter media into the underlying storage reservoir aggregate. Similar to the storage reservoir material, this aggregate layer should be a washed 5 – 10 mm stone not containing any debris. Installation of aggregate choker layer should not be done when frozen. Follow the construction guidance shown above in the section “Storage reservoir” For more information on the choker layer, see the page: [[Choker layer]]<br> '''Curbing'''<br> "'INSERT VIDEO FROM HAGGERT AVE: \\Hqcvcfs01\cvc2\Watershed Management\Integrated Water Management Implementation\Fletchers Creek SNAP\Haggert Ave Road Retrofit\3 - Photos\Construction Photos\Site Visit_20201120\Riverstone Construction Haggert Ave Inlet_F.mp4'' It is very important to make sure that the contractor responsible for curb construction understands curb cut designs and elevations. This is often a new technique for contractors, and they may not understand the overall concept of water in the gutter line being directed behind the gutter.<br> Construction Steps:#Place the right forms (rolled curve vs standard) in the inlet location.#Pour concrete.#Shape the inlet #Add the river stone on top of the fresh concrete (if applicable) #Provide sufficient curing time, according to CSA standard A23.1-09.
Key Inspection Points:<br> *Use of proper curb form by sub-contractor.*Curb type aligns with design. *Curb cut location, type and dimension aligns with design.*Designated concrete wash out is in place and away from LID facility.
[[File:20150618 114542.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Caption]]Mistakes to Avoid:<br>*Elevated curb cuts and reverse slopes (sloping from back of curb towards instead of depressing from gutter line towards the back).*Wrong curb cut width size. *Use of wrong curb form. *Concrete wash out within or upstream of LID facility.*Lack of communication to concrete contractor or ready-mix driver explaining the function and importance of protecting the LID feature.
For more information on curb cuts, see these pages: [[Curb cuts]], [[Curb cuts: Gallery]] and [[Bioretention: Streetscapes]]<br>
'''Pre-treatment and Inlet'''<br> Pre-treatment structures are most cost effective when they slow down incoming flows, collect sediment for easy clean out, and slowly release water to the bioretention facility mitigating erosion. [[Pretreatment]] structures/strategies can include [[curb cuts]], [[Aggregates]], proprietary devices like filters or hydrodynamic separators, vegetation, concrete sumps, membrane filters, overland flow sumps, etc.
Construction Steps:<br> Installation of pre-treatment features will vary based upon type. Similarly, installation timeline will range with type and could occur at excavation and mass grading, curb work or at finishing grade. Given pre-treatment features are typically integrated with the LID inlet coordination amongst multiple sub-contractors is sometime needed. The following details steps for various pre-treatment types:*Vegetation: Follow the guidance shown below in the section “Plant Material Verification and Installation”*Curbing: Follow the guidance shown above in the section “Curbing”.*Aggregate: Follow the guidance shown above in the section “Stone reservoir”.<gallery mode="packed" widths=300px heights=300px>IMG_0891.JPG|Aggregate material (rock) installed as the inlet and pre-treatment device in the rain garden at Glendale P.S. in Brampton, ON. The runoff comes from a vegetated swale into the inlet, conveying it into the rain garden.IMG_0744.JPG|Aggregate material (rock) installed as the inlet and pre-treatment device in the rain garden at Glendale P.S. in Brampton, ON. The runoff comes from a vegetated swale into the inlet, conveying it into the rain garden.IMG_0788-1.JPG|Aggregate material (rock) installed as the inlet and pre-treatment device in the rain garden at Glendale P.S. in Brampton, ON. The runoff comes from a vegetated swale into the inlet, conveying it into the rain garden.</gallery>
[[Category:Gallery]] *Proprietary pre-treatment device: #Excavate and prepare base for proprietary pre-treatment device according to design. #Install proprietary pre-treatment device according manufacturer directions.#Manufacturer representative may need to confirm proper installation and functioning through approved testing and inspection. <br> <gallery mode="packed" widths=275px heights=275px>P1160102.JPG|Installation of Jellyfish filter and sorbtive media vault at the IMAX bioswale project in Mississauga, ON.P1160117.JPG|Installation of Jellyfish filter and sorbtive media vault at the IMAX bioswale project in Mississauga, ON.P1160121.JPG|Installation of Jellyfish filter and sorbtive media vault at the IMAX bioswale project in Mississauga, ON. </gallery> [[Category:Gallery]] Key Inspection Points:<br>*Verify that the correct pre-treatment device (jellyfish filter, vegetation, curbing, etc.) is being installed.*Verify that all components of the pre-treatment device are installed*Verify correct size and location of pre-treatment device.*Verify correct elevation, slope, and footing according to design*Is it tied into the curb, downspout, or other inlet? Or could happen before the curbing?*Wet weather performance check: **Does it work? **Is water entering the LID facility properly?**Is sediment and debris accumulating?**Is it dissipating erosive forces? Mistakes to Avoid:<br>*Pre-treatment component parts are missing*Grading/elevation errors that deviates from design**Incorrect pipe inverts causing short circuiting**Insufficient grade drop or slope into pre-treatment to ensure positive flow of water **Improper grading from pre-treatment to LID feature inhibiting positive flow**Insufficient sump depth to account for sediment and debris accumulation*Using wrong concrete forms if concrete curbs are part of pre-treatment. For more information about pre-treatment strategies and their design, visit these page: [[Pretreatment]] and [[Pretreatment features]]. '''Soil Media / Filter Media'''<br> Bioretention can be constructed over any soil type, but hydrologic soil group A and B are best for achieving water balance objectives. Facilities designed to infiltrate water should be located on portions of the site with the highest infiltration rates. STEP has detailed construction guidance on soil amendments available on its [[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/home/urban-runoff-green-infrastructure/healthy-soils/construction-specifications-for-implementing-compost-amended-planting-soil-in-ontario/ Construction Specifications for Implementing Compost Amended Planting Soil in Ontario]] webpage. These resources include specification details and a spreadsheet calculator for determining soil and amendment volumes. Construction Steps:#Apply soil media in 150-300 mm lifts until desired top elevation of bioretention, bioswale or rain garden area is achieved.#Apply soil media with slinger trucks when possible. This type of equipment will reduce the need to move soil media manually or by backhoe.#Thoroughly wet each lift before adding the next and wait until water has drained through the soil before adding the next lift.#If amending soils:**Stockpile native soils in designated areas.**Mix selected additives with native soils using a plumbus.**Sling soils into the LID feature whenever possible. Key Inspection Points:*When material arrives to the site: perform chain of custody, visual inspection and ribbon test to ensure that material meets design requirements.*Soil/filter media’s design parameters and assumptions should be confirmed through in-situ permeability testing (e.g., permeameter measurements to determine hydraulic conductivity). Results of permeability testing should be reviewed by the designer and, if required, changes to the LID design may be needed. See [[Testing]] for more information regarding testing procedures.*Ensure that soil media is being applied to the correct depth.*Ensure that the native soil and amended material are well blended.*Measure potentially compacted soils using a cone penetration test or a cone penetrometer. Mistakes to Avoid: *Machine compaction - equipment should not be operated within the infiltration practice.*Soil material: Accepting material that does not meet design specifications and requirements.*Application: Applying the next lift without letting dry the previous lift of filter material. ===Finishing Grades: Inlet, Outlet, Biomedia, Plants (SPC)==='''Finish Grading'''<br>The finish grading process is another critical handoff moment as a number of elements such as curbs, sidewalks, soils and vegetation start to come together to create the functional and aesthetic value of a site. The same supervision and communication that was put into controlling ESC in earlier stages is also required during finish grading. In many cases, more attention to detail is needed for elements in this phase that will create or not the success of the final product. Construction stepsSoil Media:*Backfill or sling material from outside of the LID facility at the lowest possible speed to avoid loss of component material.*Apply material in 150-300 mm lifts until the desired elevation and thickness, allowing for positive flow.*Wet material between lifts, allowing for drying before backfilling/slinging another lift. Key Inspection Points: Mistakes to avoid: '''Large Stone and Riprap'''<br> Riprap serves as a protective layer to: prevent sediment entering the underlying layers and clogging the LID facility, dissipate stormwater energy, and stabilize the terrain and slope. #Backfill the material from the outside of the LID facility to avoid compaction.#Ensure the material is being placed to the elevation and thickness to the design requirements. Key Inspection Points:*Arrival of material to the site: material meets specifications as per design, no debris in the aggregate and, if possible, washed or clean stone with little to no fine materials in it. *Placement: material is backfilled to the right depth and elevation. Common Mistakes to Avoid:*Use of wrong material that does not meet design specifications. If there are changes in the material, it must be approved by the supervisor or project manager.<br> <br> {{:riprap: Gallery}} '''Plant Material Verification and Installation'''<br>[[File:OLF Rain Garden.jpg|thumb|right|CVC staff planting plant material at Our Lady of Fatima Catholic School in Brampton, Ontario.]]A healthy and vibrant vegetation structure provides itself with nutrients to sustain growth. Additionally, it holds, and retains water and oxygen, and binds and degrades pollutants. When selecting plants, consider the following:*Native species need fewer inputs and are better adapted to local climate and soils.*Larger plant stock should be considered and prioritized in areas of frequent ponding and concentrated flows.*Trees, shrubs, grasses, sedges and/or rushes present unique benefits and limitations in LID facilities. For example, debris from trees/shrubs may block outlets, but their size and form of planting can provide superior establishment in challenging locations.*Planted plants in a moderately diverse cluster of plants are more easily maintained and more visually accepted and pleasing to the general public.*A planting plan should include species that tolerate harsh conditions (e.g., drought, water inundation and/or salt). Most riparian plant species will do well in rain gardens, bioswales and bioretention facilities.<br>
[[File:IMG_20210512_094405.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Tree guards used at Haggert Ave bioswale in Brampton, Ontario.]]During installation:*Time of planting: It is crucial for plant survival and thriving, avoid at all times planting during summer months with higher temperatures (July and August) and winter months (November - March). Consider planting early in the spring (April - June) or late in the fall (September - October).*Planting depth: Plant each plug/tree or shrub to the desired depth as per design considerations. For small plants, it is recommended to use small tools such as a hand trowel.*Plant substitution: Any changes in the species delivered during construction must be accepted by the designer and/or supervision team before installing.*Trees/Shrubs protection: If any trees/shrubs need protection, ensure that they receive it by installing proper tree guards.*Irrigation: It is recommended for the plant material to receive additional watering right after planting if no rainfall event occurs. Also, plant material should be watered during the summer months or during drought periods for two years after planting.*Fertilizers: The use of these products is acceptable, as long as they are applied properly. *Pesticides: It is recommended to only use if needed. For more information regarding plant selection, refer to [[Plant lists]] and [[Plant selection]]. '''Mulch Placement'''<br> Wood mulch provides numerous functions to a bioretention practice including reducing soil erosion, filtration, protecting underlying soils from compaction, retaining moisture, and minimizing volunteer weed establishment. Communicate to contractor how to install and the mulch type in the plans and or specifications with notes, details, spot elevations, and other special features needed as per designed. Equipment recommended for this task can be:*Automated: Mulch blowers.*Manual: Shovels, buckets, level rakes.<br> During installation:<br> *Ensure that mulch depth should be no greater than 75 mm to maintain oxygen supply to underlying soils. *Ensure that the top of the mulch meets the finish elevation as per design.<br> <gallery mode="packed" widths=350px heights=350px>Spot8 p2 20190820.JPG|Machinery placing mulch in a rain garden at Glendale Public School in Brampton, ON. Read about the Design and Build Overview in this [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/09/CVC-Glendale-Rain-Garden-Case-Study.pdf case study].ERI 2.jpg|Mulch layer as the final grade in the Haggert Ave bioswale project in Brampton, ON.IMG 0098-1.jpg|Elevation problem with the mulch close to the end of this rain garden at Mineola P.S. This elevation is not allowing runoff to fully enter the rain garden and causing ponding in this low spot.</gallery> [[Category:Gallery]] '''Stabilizing Contributing Drainage Area - Planting Adjacent Vegetation'''<br>[[File:IMG 0852-1.JPG|150px|thumb|right|Natural lawn grass installed to stabilize the contributing drainage area at the Glendale P.S. rain garden in Brampton, Ontario.]]Similar to the plant material verification and installation task shown above, any planting required to stabilize the contributing drainage area will need to meet the specifications and considerations shown above.<br> Additionally, if turf/grass is required to stabilize the contributing drainage area, installation should be done as per the grower/nursery’s specifications and standards.
==Key Construction Inspection Points====Inspection Point Timeline====Construction Mistakes to Avoid====Construction Certifications Protocols==
→Construction Tasks Table
This section is also applicable to: {{Clickable button|[[Bioswale]]}} {{Clickable button|[[Rain garden]]}}
This section is also applicable to: {{Clickable button|[[Bioswale]]}} {{Clickable button|[[Rain garden]]}}
{{TOClimit|2}}
==Overview==
''Insert blurb here''
==Construction Tasks Table==
==Construction Tasks Table==
!style="background: white; color: darkcyan"|Rain garden
!style="background: white; color: darkcyan"|Rain garden
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|-
| rowspan="4" style="text-align: center; 1style="background:darkcyan; color:white"|Pre-Construction || Verification of Siting and LID Design|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| rowspan="6" style="text-align: center; 1style="background:darkcyan; color:white"|[[Pre-construction]] || [[Design verification and site walk-through]]|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Installation of ESC and Construction Fencing|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| [[LID construction notes]]|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
|-
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|ESC Inspection and Maintenance (ongoing)||style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| [[Construction: tendering and contract]]|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| rowspan="5" style="text-align: center;"| Excavation and <br> Mass Grading ||Clearing and Grubbing|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| [[Construction: communication, inspection plan, and utilities coordination]]||style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
|-
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| Excavation || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| [[Construction: erosion and sediment control measures]] ||style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Rough Grade || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| [[Construction: mobilization, access, staging, and perimeter controls]]||style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Verification of Grading/Survey* || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;"| '''Excavation and <br> Mass Grading''' ||Clearing and Grubbing|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Scarification (if applicable)|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| Excavation and Rough Grade|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| rowspan="11" style="text-align: center;"| Backfill Granular, <br> Utilities and Pipes ||Geotextile (if applicable) || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| Final Excavated Grade and Verification|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Impermeable Liner (if applicable) || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || |
| rowspan="9" style="text-align: center;"| '''Backfill Granular, <br> Utilities and Pipes''' ||Geotextiles (if applicable) || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Underdrain (if applicable) || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || |
| Underdrains (if applicable)|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || |
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| Overflow or Overflow Drain (if applicable)|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| Impermeable Liner (if applicable) || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Monitoring Well (if applicable)|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || |
| Overflows (if applicable)|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Clean Out Port || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| Monitoring Wells (if applicable)|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || |
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| Storage Reservoir || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || |
| Storage Reservoir || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || |
| Pre-treatment and Inlet || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| Pre-treatment and Inlet || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Soil/Filter Media || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| rowspan="8" style="text-align: center;"| '''Finishing Grades:<br> Inlet, Outlet, <br>Biomedia and Plants''' || Soil Media and Amendment || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Finishing Grading || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Riprap/Large Stone (if applicable)|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| Karge Stone and Riprap (if applicable)|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Plant Verification and Installation || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| Plant Verification and Installation || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| Stabilizing Contributing Drainage Area - <br>Planting Adjacent Vegetation || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| Stabilizing Contributing Drainage Area - <br>Planting Adjacent Vegetation || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
|-
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| As-built Survey || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || |
| As-built Surveys || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || |
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| Permanent Fencing (if applicable)|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || |
| Permanent Fencing (if applicable)|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || |
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| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Post-Construction ||Identify and Address Deficiencies || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| '''Post-Construction''' ||Identify and Address Deficiencies || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
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| Assumption/Certification Protocols|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
| Final Certification|| style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x || style="text-align: center;" | x
|}
|}
==Pre-Construction==
{{:Design verification and site walk-through}}
{{:Design verification and site walk-through}}
{{:Construction: erosion and sediment control measures}}
{{:Construction: erosion and sediment control measures}}
{{:Construction: erosion and sediment control inspection and maintenance}}
{{:Construction: mobilization, access, staging, and perimeter controls}}
{{:Construction: mobilization, access, staging, and perimeter controls}}
==Excavation and mass grading==
{{:Construction: clearing and grubbing}}
{{:Construction: clearing and grubbing}}
{{:Construction: excavation and rough grade}}
{{:Construction: excavation and rough grade}}
{{:Construction: final excavated grade and verification}}
{{:Construction: final excavated grade and verification}}
==Backfill Granular, Utilities and Pipes==
===Geotextiles===
{{:Geotextiles: Installation}}
{{:Geotextiles: Installation}}
===Underdrains===
{{:Underdrains: Installation}}
{{:Underdrains: Installation}}
===Impermeable liners===
{{:Impermeable liners: Installation}}
{{:Impermeable liners: Installation}}
===Overflows or overflow drains===
{{:Overflow: Installation}}
{{:Overflow: Installation}}
===Monitoring wells===
{{:Monitoring wells: Installation}}
{{:Monitoring wells: Installation}}
===Backfill Granular and Pipes (SPC)===
===Storage reservoir===
{{:Construction: storage reservoir}}
Construction steps:
===Stone choker layer===
{{:Construction: stone choker layer}}
===Curbing===
{{:Construction: curbing}}
===Pre-treatment and inlet===
{{:Construction: pretreatment and inlet}}
==Finishing Grades: Inlet, Outlet, Biomedia, Plants==
===Soil media and amendment===
{{:Construction: soil media and amendment}}
===Finish grading===
{{:Construction: finish grading}}
===Large stone and riprap===
{{:Construction: large stone and riprap}}
Construction Steps:
===Plant material verification and installation===
{{:Construction: plant material verification and installation}}
===Mulch placement===
{{:Construction: mulch placement}}
===Stabilizing contributing drainage area - planting adjacent vegetation===
{{:Construction: stabilizing contributing drainage area}}
===Finishing Grades: Inlet, Outlet, Biomedia, Plants (JC)===
===As-built surveys===
{{:As-built surveys}}
{{:As-built surveys}}
===Address Deficiencies and Assumption Protocols (JC)===
===Permanent fencing===
{{:Permanent fencing}}
{{:Permanent fencing}}
==Post-Construction==
===Addressing deficiencies===
{{:Addressing deficiencies}}
{{:Addressing deficiencies}}
===Final certification===
{{:Final Certification}}
{{:Final Certification}}