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Line 1: [[File:Bioretnetion TP.jpg|200px|thumb]]==Phosphorus Reduction==
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==TSS Reduction==[[File:Bioretnetion TSS.jpg|200px|thumb]]
→Recent Performance Research
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The performance results for [[Bioretention]] practices, located within TRCA's watershed originate from three primary sites:
==TSS Reduction==
[[File:Bioretnetion TSS.jpg|200px|thumb]]
The performance results for [[Bioretention]] practices, located within TRCA's watershed originate from six primary sites:
*Kortright Centre
*Kortright Centre
*Earth Rangers
*Earth Rangers
*IMAX Corporation, head office
*IMAX Corporation, head office
The mean performance value recorded at the outlet for Bioretention practices' ability to remove Total [[Phosphorus]] (TP) was calculated based on 355 separate recordings between 2005-2007, 2011-2019 and 2021 amongst the six sites previously mentioned.
The mean performance value recorded at the outlet for Bioretention practices' ability to remove Total Suspended Sediments (TSS) was was calculated based on 301 separate recordings between 2005-2007, 2011-2019 and 2021 amongst the six sites previously mentioned.
As can be seen in the corresponding boxplot the mean performance removal efficiency of the bioretention practices monitored are well below the suggested guideline of 30 mg/L (Canadian Water Quality Guideline (CWQG), or
(background (assumed at <5 mg/L)+ 25 mg/L for short term (<24 hour) exposure) (CCME, 2002<ref>Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). 2002. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Total particulate matter. In: Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg</ref>; (TRCA, 2021<ref>TRCA. 2021. Spatial Patterns (2016-2020) and Temporal Trends (1966-2020) in Stream Water Quality across TRCA’s Jurisdiction Prepared by Watershed Planning and Ecosystem Science. https://trcaca.s3.ca-central-1.amazonaws.com/app/uploads/2021/10/29113334/2016-2020-SWQ-Report-v11_FINAL_AODA-FA.pdf</ref>).
The median value of the 301 samples taken was '''9.50 mg/L''' whereas the mean was ''' 18.63 mg/L''', with a '''15%''' guideline exceedance.
<br>
</br>
==Phosphorus Reduction==
[[File:Bioretnetion TP.jpg|200px|thumb]]
The performance results for [[Bioretention]] practices, located within TRCA's watershed originate from seven primary sites:
The performance results for [[Bioretention]] practices, located within TRCA's watershed originate from three primary sites:
*Kortright Centre
*Kortright Centre
*Earth Rangers
*Earth Rangers
*Seneca College
*Seneca College
*Aurora Community Centre
*Central Parkway (Mississauga)
*Central Parkway (Mississauga)
*Wychwood Subdivision (Brampton)
*Wychwood Subdivision (Brampton)
*IMAX Corporation, head office
*IMAX Corporation, head office
The mean performance value recorded at the outlet for Bioretention practices' ability to remove Total [[Phosphorus]] (TP) was calculated based on 301 separate recordings between 2005-2007, 2011-2019 and 2021 amongst the sixsites previously mentioned.
The mean performance value recorded at the outlet for Bioretention practices' ability to remove Total [[Phosphorus]] (TP) was calculated based on 355 separate recordings between 2005-2007, 2011-2019 and 2021 amongst the seven sites previously mentioned.
As can be seen in the corresponding boxplot the mean performance removal efficiency of the bioretention practices monitored are not meeting the acceptable upper extent range of nutrients as of 0.03 mg/L (30 µg/L) (Environment Canada, 2004<ref name="example1">Environment Canada. (2004). Canadian guidance framework for the management of phosphorus in freshwater systems. Ecosystem Health: Science‐based solutions report no. 1–8. Cat. No. En1–34/8–2004E. </ref>; OMOEE, 1994<ref>Ontario Ministry of Environment and Energy (OMOEE), 1994. Policies, Guidelines and Provincial Water Quality Objectives of the Ministry of Environment and Energy. Queen’s Printer for Ontario. Toronto, ON.</ref>).
The median value of the 355 samples taken was '''0.09 mg/L''' whereas the mean was '''0.12 mg/L''', with an '''86%''' guideline exceedance. Given the age of most of these practices, more inspection, maintenance and necessary rehabilitation will be needed to ensure they are able to meet the federal and provincial governments' guideline requirement for stormwater quality.
'''Please refer to the [[Phosphorus]] page and the [[additives]] page for more information on how LIDs can reduce contaminant loading in stormwater'''
==Recent Performance Research==
</br>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Performance of bioretention with internal water storage<ref>Liu J, Sample D, Bell C, Guan Y. Review and Research Needs of Bioretention Used for the Treatment of Urban Stormwater. Water. 2014;6(4):1069-1099. doi:10.3390/w6041069.</ref>
|-
!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Location
!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Filter media composition
!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Media depth (cm)
!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Internal water storage depth (cm)
!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|I/P ratio
!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|Runoff volume reduction (%)
!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|TSS reduction (%)
!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|TN reduction (%)
!style="background: darkcyan; color: white"|TP reduction (%)
|-
!Montréal<ref>Géhéniau N, Fuamba M, Mahaut V, Gendron MR, Dugué M. Monitoring of a Rain Garden in Cold Climate: Case Study of a Parking Lot near Montréal. J Irrig Drain Eng. 2015;141(6):4014073. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000836.</ref>
|88% sand, 8% fines, 4% OM||180||150||47||97||99||99||99
|-
!Virginia<ref>DeBusk KM, Wynn TM. Storm-Water Bioretention for Runoff Quality and Quantity Mitigation. J Environ Eng. 2011;137(9):800-808. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000388.</ref>
|88% sand, 8% fines, 4% OM||180||150||47||97||99||99||99
|-
!rowspan="4"|North Carolina<ref>Brown RA, Asce AM, Hunt WF, Asce M. Underdrain Configuration to Enhance Bioretention Exfiltration to Reduce Pollutant Loads. J Environ Eng. 2011;137(11):1082-1091. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0000437.</ref>
|rowspan="4"|96% sand, 4% fines||rowspan="2"|110||88||rowspan="2"|12||89||rowspan="4"|58||rowspan="4"|58||rowspan="4"|-10
|-
|58||93
|-
|rowspan="2"|96||72||rowspan="2"|13||98
|-
|42||100
|-
!North Carolina<ref>Li H, Sharkey LJ, Hunt WF, Davis AP. Mitigation of Impervious Surface Hydrology Using Bioretention in North Carolina and Maryland. J Hydrol Eng. 2009;14(4):407-415. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0699(2009)14:4(407).</ref>
|loamy sand, 3% OM||120||60||20||99||-||-||-
|-
!rowspan="2"|North Carolina<ref>Brown RA, Hunt WF. Bioretention Performance in the Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina. In: Low Impact Development for Urban Ecosystem and Habitat Protection. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers; 2008:1-10. doi:10.1061/41009(333)95.</ref>
|rowspan="2"|98% sand, 2% fines||90||30||12||90||-||-||-
|-
|90||60||12||98||-||-||-
|-
!rowspan="2"|North Carolina<ref>Passeport E, Hunt WF, Line DE, Smith RA, Brown RA. Field Study of the Ability of Two Grassed Bioretention Cells to Reduce Storm-Water Runoff Pollution. J Irrig Drain Eng. 2009;135(4):505-510. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0000006.</ref>
|rowspan="2"|15% sand, 80% fines, 5% OM||60||45||68||-||-||54||63
|-
|90||75||68||-||-||54||58
|}
*[https://www3.epa.gov/region1/npdes/stormwater/research/epa-final-report-filter-study.pdf (USEPA, 2013) - Evaluation and Optimization of Bioretention Design for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal]
**USEPA conducted both field and laboratory testing on the performance of bioretention cells featuring filter media amended with drinking water treatment residuals (WTR) with low solids content (5-10% solids). Water treatment residuals were included at 10-15% of the total filter media mix by volume. Amended bioretention cells had median orthophosphate removal efficiencies of 90-99%. A second study found a bioretention design featuring WTR amended filter media and an [[Bioretention: Internal water storage|internal water storage zone]] optimized to remove phosphorus and nitrogen had an orthophosphate removal efficiency of 20% and effluent concentrations below 0.02 mg/L.
[[File:EBC vs. TBC.PNG|500px|thumb| Comparison of an Enhanced dephosphorization bioretention cell (EBC) (above) vs. a traditional bioretention cell (TBC) (below). The EBC includes evenly spaced apart soil mixture layers, which includes 70-80% native soil found on site mixed with 20-30% of charcoal, oregani matter and iron, along with permeable layers of gravel pumice and zeolite, all of which help adsorb phosphates out of stormwater entering the system. This differs from the TBC design which generally includes just a gravel bed to aid in the facility's drainage ability (Ho and Lin, 2022)<ref>Ho, C.C. and Lin, Y.X., 2022. Pollutant Removal Efficiency of a Bioretention Cell with Enhanced Dephosphorization. Water, 14(3), p.396. https://mdpi-res.com/books/book/5900/Urban_Runoff_Control_and_Sponge_City_Construction.pdf?filename=Urban_Runoff_Control_and_Sponge_City_Construction.pdf#page=168</ref>.]]
*[https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/3/396 (Ho and Lin, 2022) - Pollutant Removal Efficiency of a Bioretention Cell with Enhanced Dephosphorization]
**Authors Ho and Lin, 2022 note that bioretention practices perform poorly in reducing phosphorus from influent stormwater when compared to their ability to remove ammonia and COD pollutants. The authors tested a new type of enhanced dephosphorization bioretention cell (EBC) which improves phosphorus removal performance. The difference between EBC and a traditional bioretention cell is that the lowest level of an EBC feature is comprised of a mixed fill material layer (permeable layers - PLs and soil mixed layers - SMLs) instead of a traditional gravel bed layer. The SMLs include active charcoal powder, organic matter and iron, evenly spaced apart, while the PLs include aggregates of gravel, pumice and zeolite. Over the two years that the same sized EBC feature was monitored in comparison to a standard bioretention cell they found that the EBC outperformed the traditional bioretention cell by removing 92% of total phosphorus to 52%. The average inflow concentration for both features from May 2019 - April 2021 was 0.76 mg/L, whereas the outflow concentration averages were 0.36 mg/L for the traditional bioretention cell and 0.06 mg/L for the EBC, respectively (Ho and Lin, 2022)<ref>Ho, C.C. and Lin, Y.X., 2022. Pollutant Removal Efficiency of a Bioretention Cell with Enhanced Dephosphorization. Water, 14(3), p.396. https://mdpi-res.com/books/book/5900/Urban_Runoff_Control_and_Sponge_City_Construction.pdf?filename=Urban_Runoff_Control_and_Sponge_City_Construction.pdf#page=168</ref>.
*[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2019/06/improving-nutrient-retention-in-bioretention-tech-brief.pdf (STEP, 2019) - Improving nutrient retention in bioretention - Technical Brief]
**STEP researchers developed a study to examine the effectiveness of reactive media amendments as a means of enhancing phosphorus retention in a bioretention cell draining a 1150 m<sup>2</sup> parking lot in the City of Vaughan. For testing purposes, the bioretention was divided into three hydrologically distinct cells: (1) with a high sand, low phosphorus media mix (control); (2) with a proprietary reactive media (Sorbitve™) mixed into the sandy filter media, and (3) with a 170 cm layer of iron rich sand (aka red sand) below the sandy filter media. Outflow quantity and quality from each cell was measured directly, while inflows and runoff quality were estimated based on monitoring of an adjacent asphalt reference site over the same time period. The results found that the Sorbitve™ and the Iron rich (red) sand cells had lower concentrations of Total Phosphorus (among other contaminants) in its effluent outflow, and the TP measured was below the CCDME guideline of 0.03mg/L in both years monitored for Sorbitve™ (2016 & 2017) and 2017 for the cell with Iron rich (red) sand. Both cells had median concentrations lower than the control media cell used in the study by at least 68% for TP (STEP, 2019<ref>STEP. 2019. Improving nutrient retention in bioretention - Technical Brief. Prepared by Toronto and Region Conservation Authority. Published in 2018. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2019/06/improving-nutrient-retention-in-bioretention-tech-brief.pdf</ref>.
*[https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/41705/noaa_41705_DS1.pdf (Ament, et al. 2022) - Phosphorus removal, metals dynamics, and hydraulics in stormwater bioretention systems amended with drinking water treatment residuals]
**Researchers from the University of Minnesota, the University of Vermont and the USEPA, conducted field experiment to test the effectiveness of Drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs) as a filter media amendment additive for improve Total Phosphorus (TP) removal in roadside bioretention features. Influent phosphorus levels was relatively low when compared to normal influent stormwater P levels (dissolved = 0.002 mg/L, soluble reactive = 0.022, particulate = 0.036 mg/L) but the difference between the bioretention cell in the study with DWTR additives and the control bioretention cells were 95% (Large D.A) - 97% (small D.A) TP removal and 79 (large D.A)and 91% (small D.A) respectively. The outflows were well below the CCME guidelines of 0.3 mg/L coming in at 0.010 mg/L (large D.A) and 0.011mg/L (small D.A) (Ament, et al. 2022)<ref>Ament, M.R., Roy, E.D., Yuan, Y. and Hurley, S.E., 2022. Phosphorus removal, metals dynamics, and hydraulics in stormwater bioretention systems amended with drinking water treatment residuals. Journal of Sustainable Water in the Built Environment, 8(3), p.04022003.</ref>.)
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332063360_Enhanced_Nutrients_Removal_in_Bioretention_Systems_Modified_with_Water_Treatment_Residual_and_Internal_Water_Storage_Zone/download (Qiu, et al. 2019) - Enhanced Nutrients Removal in Bioretention Systems Modified with Water Treatment Residual and Internal Water Storage Zone]
**Researchers from Beijing University and Auburn University, conducted lab experiments with two bioretention columns (1) with Water treatment residuals (WTRs - i.e. polyaluminium chloride & dewatered sludge from a surface water treatment plant) (15% dried weight, the remaining 85% sandy loam) and the second (2) filled with traditional sandy loam for its filter bed material. Their pollutant rmeova lefficiency for TSS was virtually the same, treating between 100 - 400 mg/L over 10 separate test cycles in a 50-day period. The effluent TSS levels were bot hless than 20 mg/L (10 mg/L less than the CCME requirement in Ontario) with removal percentages above 90% on average to a maximum of 97%. Meanwhile, for Total Phosphorus removal (TP) the column with 15% WTRs added boated a mean TP removal of 99.6% with a maximum effluent of 0.08 mg/L after remoting an average influent concentration load of 4.0 – 7.0 mg/L) (Qiu, et al. 2019)<ref>Qiu, F., Zhao, S., Zhao, D., Wang, J. and Fu, K., 2019. Enhanced nutrient removal in bioretention systems modified with water treatment residuals and internal water storage zone. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 5(5), pp.993-1003.</ref>.
==References==