Difference between revisions of "Green roofs"

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<h4>Roof</h4>
<p>Flat roofs should be graded without depressions, with positive drainage ≥2% (1:50) towards roof drains.  For roofs with pitch greater than 10% (1:10) additional check dams or cellular components should be included in the design. These structures reduce the flow rate of the draining water, and help to stabilize green roof components. Green roofs can be installed on slopes greater than 20% (1:5), but specialized design advice should be sought for the addition of components required to secure the green roof in place. </p>
<p>Extensive green roofs do not require additional insulation layers. The underlying roof may be of  warm, cold or inverted design. </p>
<p>Extensive green roofs add load of around 70 - 300 kg/m<sup>2</sup>. A structural engineer should be consulted during design to account for the distributed loads including snow accumulation and live loads including maintenance staff.</p> 
<p>Roof membranes should be waterproof, root resistant, resilient to temperature change, and comply with appropriate CGSB standards as specified in the Ontario Building Code. In most cases a new roof with a modern membrane will not require a separate root penetration barrier.  In retrofit scenarios an additional root barrier may be recommended to protect an older roof membrane. </p>
<h4>Drainage Layer</h4>
<p>The underlying drainage layer is most often a preformed plastic sheet, formed to include depressions for water storage and perforations to drain excess water. This design has the advantage of being most lightweight, but has minimal impact on flow rates once the water has percolated onto the roof membrane below. </p>
<p>An alternative drainage layer solution is to use a granular medium to increase the tortuosity of the flow path and slow peak flow rates. </p>
<h4>Planting Medium</h4>
<h4>Planting Medium</h4>
<p>In many proprietary systems the default option for planting medium will be a granular material with very low organic matter content. However, many companies can arrange for a high organic content alternative to be substituted if requested.   
<p>In many proprietary systems the default option for planting medium will be a granular material with very low organic matter content. However, many companies can arrange for a high organic content alternative to be substituted if requested.   

Revision as of 16:42, 22 June 2017

Overview[edit]

Modern green roofs are a rapidly developing commercial market in Ontario. Their primary benefit as a LID technology is in maximizing evapotranspiration for water balance targets.

Green roofs are ideal for:

  • Sites without significant space at ground level for infiltration,
  • Zero-lot line projects with outdoor amenity requirements,
  • Projects looking for accreditation with LEED v.4

The fundamental components of a green roof are:

  • a roof able to withstand the load,
  • a roof membrane resistant to root penetration,
  • a drainage layer,
  • a filter layer,
  • a layer of planting medium,
  • plants.

Additional components may include:

  • an irrigation system,
  • pre-formed tray modules.

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Planning Considerations[edit]

Green roofs offer a variety of co-benefits beyond stormwater management. In urban centers they are often constructed to accommodate a roof terrace or amenity space. In this scenario the stormwater capture benefit is restricted to the areas with vegetation planted. Another increasingly popular use for rooftop space is for urban farming. Again, the stormwater capture benefit is restricted to the areas with planters.

To maximize the utility of a green roof as a low impact development tool, coverage with planting should be maximized. In many cases this means only inaccessible spaces are used. Within the scope of green roof coverage, there is a further distinction made between 'intensive' systems over 15 cm deep, and the more commonly employed 'extensive' systems, which are 10-15 cm deep. Specialized, shallow systems exist but their application is limited.

Amenity

Roof gardens with a high proportion of impermeable surface are popular in high rise developments. These amenity terraces are often described as green roofs, but the LID benefit applies only to the vegetated areas. The stormwater benefit of all kinds of green roofs is maximized by combined with rainwater harvesting for subsequent irrigation. Sedum and native species have all been shown to thrive with daily irrigation to saturation[1].

Rooftop farming is also becoming common in some Ontario cities. Again consideration should be given to the proportion of the roof actually planted. Where large open expanses of roof are being cropped, measures may be required to reduce erosion of exposed planting medium. Any digging or furrows will reduce the stormwater benefit.

Biodiversity

Biodiversity opportunities are optimized by planting a variety of species. General advice on this has been prepared by the City of Toronto[2]. In the long term, the richness of species increases owing to 'volunteer species'. The desirability of this diversity varies with the aesthetic concerns of the green roof owner.

Design for Maintenance

Detailed inspection and maintenance advice can be found in Sustainable Technologies' LID I&M guide.

The primary operational concern for operating a green roof is the development of a leak. Green roofs protect the roof membrane from UV damage and should increase the lifespan of the roof. However, in the event that a leak is discovered a section of green roof would have to be removed for access. Some proprietary systems appear to be easier to remove and replace. This may come at a cost, as the rainwater retention of the system is somewhat reliant on continuous coverage of the green roof surface.

Green roofs should receive as little maintenance as possible. Regular inspection is only required to see that the drains are free from obstruction and that the vegetation coverage is adequate to prevent wind erosion. During detailed design, all areas adjacent to the green roof itself should be kept free from granular material. Sediment accumulates in gravel edging, which then permits the vegetation to take root and spread.

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Design[edit]

Roof

Flat roofs should be graded without depressions, with positive drainage ≥2% (1:50) towards roof drains. For roofs with pitch greater than 10% (1:10) additional check dams or cellular components should be included in the design. These structures reduce the flow rate of the draining water, and help to stabilize green roof components. Green roofs can be installed on slopes greater than 20% (1:5), but specialized design advice should be sought for the addition of components required to secure the green roof in place.

Extensive green roofs do not require additional insulation layers. The underlying roof may be of warm, cold or inverted design.

Extensive green roofs add load of around 70 - 300 kg/m2. A structural engineer should be consulted during design to account for the distributed loads including snow accumulation and live loads including maintenance staff.

Roof membranes should be waterproof, root resistant, resilient to temperature change, and comply with appropriate CGSB standards as specified in the Ontario Building Code. In most cases a new roof with a modern membrane will not require a separate root penetration barrier. In retrofit scenarios an additional root barrier may be recommended to protect an older roof membrane.

Drainage Layer

The underlying drainage layer is most often a preformed plastic sheet, formed to include depressions for water storage and perforations to drain excess water. This design has the advantage of being most lightweight, but has minimal impact on flow rates once the water has percolated onto the roof membrane below.

An alternative drainage layer solution is to use a granular medium to increase the tortuosity of the flow path and slow peak flow rates.


Planting Medium

In many proprietary systems the default option for planting medium will be a granular material with very low organic matter content. However, many companies can arrange for a high organic content alternative to be substituted if requested. The benefits of 'high organic' media are:

  1. Increased water holding capacity, which benefits both vegetation health and stormwater retention,
  2. Often lighter weight, even when saturated,

The disadvantages of a 'high organic' planting medium are:

  1. Increased phosphorous concentration in runoff water, however this may be mitigated by the reduced runoff volume resulting in a lower loading overall,
  2. The lightweight material is more prone to wind erosion, and this should be accounted for in the initial design, alternatives include erosion control blankets, soil tackifiers, or Sedum mats.
Increasing the depth of planting medium from 10 cm to 15 cm has been shown to benefit the vegetation[3]. Stormwater retention was not improved with this increase in depth[4].

Irrigation

Regular irrigation has been shown to substantially reduce the stormwater capture benefit of an extensive green roof[5]. One way to reduce the irrigation used on green roofs is through the use of electronic technologies. Responsive sensors that suppress irrigation after a rainstorm are routinely attached to green roofs to conserve water. Improvements can be made by instead using a 'soil' moisture sensor to trigger irrigation. State-of-the-art management systems now use predicted weather data to prevent irrigation ahead of storm events[6].

Due to their limited water retention capacity, many green roofs are coupled with a cistern to capture the excess water. It then becomes desirable to use as much harvested water to regain the cistern capacity, Green roofs can be irrigated to saturation daily throughout the growing season without damaging the vegetation.

Irrigation technologyBenefitsDisadvantages
SprayMaximizes evaporationRequires higher water quality standard.
Drip or capillaryHarvested rainwater is readily used without further treatment
Uses less water
Planting medium does not 'wick' water sideways readily, so can lead to localized dry areas

Maximizing evaporation with spray irrigation is the faster way to empty a stormwater cistern, and provides some cooling benefit for the building and it's surroundings.

Planting

The choice of vegetation on an extensive green roof is insignificant in stormwater management compared to the choice of planting medium or the provision of irrigation. The vegetation should be selected to be resilient to both very wet and very dry periods. Sedum species are the most common choice, demonstrating excellent longevity in systems with or without irrigation.

Some projects expect the low growing Sedum to remain in graphic designs according to species and flower color. This is not a realistic expectation without significant maintenance costs. Instead project stakeholders should be prepared early in the design process to embrace the green roof as a living and evolving ecosystem. Designs which incorporate both Sedum and native species can help with this.

See: Planting for Green Roofs

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Performance[edit]

Water Quantity

Water Balance

The key hydrologic benefit which green roofs have over other forms of LID is the proportion of the water returned to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration.

  • In Southern Ontario rainwater retention of extensive green roofs without irrigation is between 60% and 70%[7][8][9].
  • Including winter periods with snow accumulation and thaw, the annual retention of extensive green roofs is around 50% [Jen][10].
  • Using a compost based planting medium improves retention by around 10% i.e. 60 % for compost compared to 50% for granular.
  • Daily irrigation can reduce the annual retention by 20% compared to a roof without irrigation. i.e. 40% for irrigated compared to 60% without irrigation[11]. However, recirculating rainwater from a cistern was estimated to double the annual retention in Florida[12]. The research team modeled 87% retention for a green roof coupled with a cistern, compared to 43% for the green roof alone.
Peak Flow Control

An appropriate NRCS curve numbers for green roofs without irrigation in Southern Ontario is 90 [13][14].


Water Quality

Many green roofs receive only rainwater, which is relatively clean when it lands. As such green roofs can contribute contamination, most notably in nutrient leaching during early establishment. Reported values of total phosphorous in green roof runoff vary from less than 0.1 ppm to over 10 ppm. But, in dense urban centres, green roofs are increasingly being used to receive irrigation from harvested rainwater. Current Ontario Building Code permits the use of rooftop runoff to be reused in this manner, so long as it is 'free of solids'.

A 'closed loop' system can be created by coupling a rainwater harvesting system to a green roof. by catching and reusing runoff, the only water leaving the system is through evapotranspiration. This prevents any runoff from leaving the site and so prevents any nutrient loading to the environment.

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Incentives and Credits[edit]

In Ontario

City of Toronto updated their 'Eco roof' incentive program in 2017 . It now includes grants for structural assessment and is available to non-profit organisations [15].

LEED BD + C v.4

LEED offer a relatively large number of points for green roofs compared to other LID technologies.

Sustainable Sites: Open space (1 point) This credit applies to accessible green roofs on tall buildings with little other outdoor space[16].

Sustainable Sites: site development - protect or restore habitat (up to 2 points) This credit applies to green roofs planted with 'native and adapted vegetation' on tall buildings with little other outdoor space[17].

Sustainable Sites: Heat island reduction (up to 2 points) Green roofs are weighted as effectively as 'High-Reflectance' roofs in a simple calculation to determine the credit[18].


Water Efficiency: Rainwater management (up to 3 points)

  • Two points (or 1 point for Healthcare) will be awarded if the project manages "the runoff from the developed site for the 95th percentile of regional or local rainfall events."
  • Three points (or 2 points for Healthcare) will be awarded if the project manages "the runoff from the developed site for the 98th percentile of regional or local rainfall events."

OR

For zero-lot-line projects only, 3 points (or 2 points for Healthcare) will be awarded if the project manages "the runoff from the developed site for the 85th percentile of regional or local rainfall events."

SITES v.2


See Also[edit]


External Links[edit]

Proprietary Systems

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