Green roofs: Performance

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Recently laid Sedum mats on a ground level podium roof.
Detail showing the early root development through the mat to the granular planting medium.

Controlled studies have indicated that maturing green roofs may have improved water retention properties [1].

The key hydrologic benefit which green roofs have over other forms of LID is the proportion of the water returned to the atmosphere through evapotranspiration.

  • In Southern Ontario rainwater retention of extensive green roofs without irrigation is between 60% and 70%[2][3]

[4].

  • Including winter periods with snow accumulation and thaw, the annual retention of extensive green roofs is around 50% [3][4].
  • Using a compost based planting medium improves retention by around 10% i.e. 60 % for compost compared to 50% for granular.
  • Daily irrigation can reduce the annual retention by 20% compared to a roof without irrigation. i.e. 40% for irrigated compared to 60% without irrigation[4]. However, recirculating rainwater from a cistern was estimated to double the annual retention in Florida[5]. The research team modeled 87% retention for a green roof coupled with a cistern, compared to 43% for the green roof alone.

An appropriate NRCS curve numbers for green roofs without irrigation in Southern Ontario is 90 [6][4].

Water quality[edit]

Many green roofs receive only rainwater, which is relatively free of contaminants like nutrients, salt and heavy metals. As such green roofs can contribute contamination, most notably in leaching of nutrients from the growing medium during early establishment. Reported values of total phosphorus in green roof runoff vary from less than 0.1 ppm to over 10 ppm. However in dense urban centres, green roofs are increasingly being used to receive irrigation from harvested rainwater. Current Ontario Building Code permits the use of rooftop runoff for landscape irrigation purposes, so long as it is 'free of solids'. A 'closed loop' system can be created by coupling a rainwater harvesting system with a green roof and harvesting and reusing roof runoff as a source of water for irrigation during dry periods, so the only water leaving the system is through evapotranspiration. This can prevent runoff from leaving the site and thereby prevent contaminant loading to the environment.

Total phosphorous concentrations reported in green roof runoff(abstracted from Hill 2017)
  1. Simon De-Ville, Manoj Menon, Xiaodong Jia, George Reed, Virginia Stovin, The impact of green roof ageing on substrate characteristics and hydrological performance, In Journal of Hydrology, Volume 547, 2017, Pages 332-344, ISSN 0022-1694, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.02.006.
  2. http://www.sustainabletechnologies.ca/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/NRC_EastviewGRrept.pdf
  3. 3.0 3.1 T. Van Seters, L. Rocha, D. Smith, G. MacMillan; Evaluation of Green Roofs for Runoff Retention, Runoff Quality, and Leachability, Vol. 44 (1): 33 - 47 (2009). Innovative Approaches to Stormwater Management in Canada
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Hill J, Drake J, Sleep B, Margolis L. Influences of Four Extensive Green Roof Design Variables on Stormwater Hydrology. J Hydrol Eng. 2017;22(8):04017019. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HE.1943-5584.0001534
  5. Hardin, M.; Wanielista, M.; Chopra, M. A Mass Balance Model for Designing Green Roof Systems that Incorporate a Cistern for Re-Use. Water 2012, 4, 914-931. http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/4/4/914
  6. Curve Number and Runoff Coefficients for Extensive Living Roofs Elizabeth Fassman-Beck, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE; William Hunt, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE; Robert Berghage, Ph.D.; Donald Carpenter, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE; Timothy Kurtz, P.E., M.ASCE; Virginia Stovin, Ph.D.; and Bridget Wadzuk, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE