Changes

Underground cisterns are most often installed to a depth below the maximum frost penetration depth (generally 1.2 m in Southern Ontario) (Armstrong and Csathy, 1963; Ministry of Transportation, 2013)<ref>Armstrong, M. D., & Csathy, T. I. 1963. Frost design practice in Canada-and discussion. Ontario Department of Highways. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/hrr/1963/33/33-008.pdf</ref><ref>Ministry of Transportation. 2013. Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual. Second Edition. IBSN: 978-1-4435-2873-3. Published: March 2013. http://www.bv.transports.gouv.qc.ca/mono/1165561.pdf</ref> to ensure they can be used year-round. A pump is used to deliver the stored water to the hose bibs or fixtures where it is utilized. Water that is in excess of the storage capacity of the cistern overflows to an adjacent drainage system (e.g., other BMP or municipal storm sewer) via an [[Overflow|overflow outlet]] structure and pipe. Cisterns that are drawn upon for indoor water uses (e.g., toilet flushing) will also feature water level sensors and the means of adding municipal water during extended periods of dry weather or winter when stormwater does not meet the demand (i.e., make-up water supply system). They may also include in-line devices to filter stored cistern water prior to delivery at hose bibs or fixtures.  

Underground cisterns are most often installed to a depth below the maximum frost penetration depth (generally 1.2 m in Southern Ontario) (Armstrong and Csathy, 1963; Ministry of Transportation, 2013)<ref>Armstrong, M. D., & Csathy, T. I. 1963. Frost design practice in Canada-and discussion. Ontario Department of Highways. https://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/hrr/1963/33/33-008.pdf</ref><ref>Ministry of Transportation. 2013. Pavement Design and Rehabilitation Manual. Second Edition. IBSN: 978-1-4435-2873-3. Published: March 2013. http://www.bv.transports.gouv.qc.ca/mono/1165561.pdf</ref> to ensure they can be used year-round. A pump is used to deliver the stored water to the hose bibs or fixtures where it is utilized. Water that is in excess of the storage capacity of the cistern overflows to an adjacent drainage system (e.g., other BMP or municipal storm sewer) via an [[Overflow|overflow outlet]] structure and pipe. Cisterns that are drawn upon for indoor water uses (e.g., toilet flushing) will also feature water level sensors and the means of adding municipal water during extended periods of dry weather or winter when stormwater does not meet the demand (i.e., make-up water supply system). They may also include in-line devices to filter stored cistern water prior to delivery at hose bibs or fixtures.  

[[File:Layers green roof.PNG|thumb|400px|Generalized cross-section view of a green roof showing key components and common layers that make up this LID BMP (TRCA, 2018)<ref name="example1" />]]

[[File:RWH system planview.PNG|thumb|400px|Generalized cross-section view of a rainwater harvesting system showing key components of a commercial configuration of this LID BMP (TRCA, 2018)<ref name="example1" />.]]

Some of the benefits of [[green roofs]] include:

Some of the benefits of [[green roofs]] include:

*The ability to reduce the quantity of pollutants and [[Runoff volume control targets|runoff]] being discharged to municipal storm sewers and receiving waters (i.e., rivers, lakes and [[wetlands]]);

*The ability to reduce the quantity of pollutants and [[Runoff volume control targets|runoff]] being discharged to municipal storm sewers and receiving waters (i.e., rivers, lakes and [[wetlands]]);

*Growing media and [[plants]] retain pollutants deposited from the atmosphere and reduce [[Heavy metals|metals]] and other pollutants from conventional roof materials transported by runoff;

*Underground and indoor cisterns can be used year-round and located below parking lots, roads, plazas, parkland, landscaped areas or within buildings themselves.

*Improve the energy efficiency of the building due to their insulating properties;

*Can reduce a large commercial building or residential home's water usage significantly if used for non-potable needs <br>

*Can provide food and shelter for pollinators;

*Can provide aesthetic value as attractive landscaped features. <br>

</br>

</br>

{{textbox|Key components of Underground Infiltration Systems to pay close attention to are the:  

{{textbox|Key components of Underground Infiltration Systems to pay close attention to are the:  

*[[Green roof media|Filter Bed / Growing Medium]]

*[[Inlets]]

*[[Vegetation]]

*[[Rain barrels|Rain Barrel or Cistern|]]

*[[Green roofs#Design|Protective layers]]

*[[Rainwater harvesting: Sizing and modeling#Cistern dimensions|Pump]]

*[[Green roofs#Irrigation|Irrigation System]]

*[Pretreatment| In-line filters]]

*[[Overflow|Overflow outlets]]}}

*[[Overflow|Overflow outlets]]}}

==Associated Practices==

==Associated Practices==

*'''[[Green roofs#Design|Intensive green roofs]]''' contain greater than 15 cm depth of growing media, can be planted with deeply rooted plants (e.g., shrubs and trees) and can be designed to handle pedestrian traffic.

*'''[[Rain Barrels]] Rain barrels are an above ground form of rainwater harvesting, typically used in residential settings. The precipitation flows from the roof, to the guttering and down the downspout before being diverted to the rain barrel for storage.

*'''[[Green roofs#Design|Extensive green roofs]]''' consist of a thinner growing media layer (15 cm depth or less) and are typically planted with.

*'''[[Downspout disconnection]]''' Downspout disconnections are common in many older urban centers. They require that residents retroactively disconnect their downspouts from the municipal sewer system. This is due to older sewer systems being undersized for the combined flow of sanitary waste and stormwater.

*'''[[Blue roofs]]''' are systems that temporarily capture rainwater using the roof as storage and allow it to evaporate and/or to be used for non-potable requirements (i.e. irrigation, toilet flushing, truck washing) and ultimately offset potable water demands.

*''[[Blue roofs) are systems that temporarily capture rainwater using the roof as storage and allow it to evaporate and/or to be used for non-potable requirements (i.e. irrigation, toilet flushing, truck washing) and ultimately offset potable water demands.

==Inspection and Testing Framework==

==Inspection and Testing Framework==