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| ===Cold Climate===
| | [[File:Dfb.png|thumb|Koppen World Map Dfb Dwb Dsb]] |
| <p>The majority of Ontario has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate#Koppen_Dfb| "Humid continental" Dfb climate], which includes average temperatures in the coldest month well below -3°C. This condition is found in many other parts of the world where LID strategies are routinely employed, including many northern states in the USA and a large swath of northern Europe. </p>
| | ==Cold Climate=== |
| <p>Common concerns associated with the use of LID during out
| | The majority of Ontario has a [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humid_continental_climate#Koppen_Dfb| "Humid continental" Dfb climate], which includes average temperatures in the coldest month well below -3°C. This condition is found in many other parts of the world where LID strategies are routinely employed, including many northern states in the USA and a large swath of northern Europe. |
| </div>
| | Common concerns associated with the use of LID during out |
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| <panelWarning>
| | ==De-icing Salt== |
| <gallery mode="packed" widths=300px heights=300px>
| | [[File:Snow_filter_strip.png|thumb|Snow being stored on a filter strip in Markham, ON]] |
| Dfb.png| Koppen World Map Dfb Dwb Dsb
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| </gallery>
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| </panelWarning>
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| </div>
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| ===De-icing Salt===
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| {{:De-icing}} | | {{:De-icing}} |
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| | | Sodium and chloride ions in de-icing salts applied to asphalt areas travel easily with the runoff water. De-icing salt can increase the mobility of some heavy metals in soil (e.g. lead, copper or cadmium). This may increase the downstream concentration of these metals (Amrhein et al., 1992; Bauske and Goetz, 1993). </p> |
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| <p>Sodium and chloride ions in de-icing salts applied to asphalt areas travel easily with the runoff water. De-icing salt can increase the mobility of some heavy metals in soil (e.g. lead, copper or cadmium). This may increase the downstream concentration of these metals (Amrhein et al., 1992; Bauske and Goetz, 1993). </p>
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| http://www.unh.edu/unhsc/sites/unh.edu.unhsc/files/pubs_specs_info/jee_3_09_unhsc_cold_climate.pdf | | http://www.unh.edu/unhsc/sites/unh.edu.unhsc/files/pubs_specs_info/jee_3_09_unhsc_cold_climate.pdf |
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| <p> <strong>Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards (e.g., Howard and Beck, 1993; Granato et al., 1995).</strong> </p>
| | <strong>Very few studies have sampled groundwater below infiltration facilities or roadside ditches receiving de-icing salt laden runoff have found concentrations of heavy metals that exceed drinking water standards (e.g., Howard and Beck, 1993; Granato et al., 1995). |
| <p>To minimize risk of groundwater or soil contamination, the following management approaches are recommended (Pitt et al., 1999; TRCA, 2009b):
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| <ol>
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| <li>Stormwater infiltration practices should not receive runoff from the following areas:
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| <ul>
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| <li>Where large amounts of de-icing salts are applied (e.g., busy highways), or </li>
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| <li>Pollution hot spots (e.g. vehicle fuelling, servicing or demolition areas, outdoor storage or handling areas for hazardous materials, and some heavy industry sites); </li>
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| </ul>
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| <li>Prioritize infiltration of runoff from source areas that are comparatively less contaminated such as roofs, low traffic roads and parking areas; and </li>
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| <li>Apply [[pretreatment]] practices before infiltration of road or parking area runoff. </li>
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| </ol>
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| </p>
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| | To minimize risk of groundwater or soil contamination, the following management approaches are recommended (Pitt et al., 1999; TRCA, 2009b): |
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| </div>
| | Stormwater infiltration practices should not receive runoff from the following areas: |
| <div class="col-md-4">
| | *Where large amounts of de-icing salts are applied (e.g., busy highways), or |
| <panelSuccess>
| | *Pollution hot spots (e.g. vehicle fuelling, servicing or demolition areas, outdoor storage or handling areas for hazardous materials, and some heavy industry sites); *Prioritize infiltration of runoff from source areas that are comparatively less contaminated such as roofs, low traffic roads and parking areas; and |
| <gallery mode="packed" widths=300px heights=300px>
| | *Apply [[pretreatment]] practices before infiltration of road or parking area runoff. |
| Snow_filter_strip.png| Snow being stored on a filter strip in Markham, ON
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| </gallery>
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| </panelSuccess>
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| </div>
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| ----
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| ===Other Freezing Related Concerns ===
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| </div>
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| <p><strong>Rainwater harvesting</strong> Freezing temperatures can cause problems with pipes and cisterns exposed above the frost penetration line[http://www.raqsb.mto.gov.on.ca/techpubs/ops.nsf/0/ee1f1756eacc00e18525808200628fbf/$FILE/OPSD3090.101%20Rev%231%20Nov2010.pdf]. This maybe a significant issue for [[Rainwater Harvesting|rainwater harvesting systems]], including residential [[Rain Barrels|rain barrels]].</p>
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| <p><strong>Green Roofs</strong> Somewhat counter-intuitively, the survival of green roof planting is greater in winters with long deep sub-zero temperatures. Being shallow and very exposed to warming sunlight, green roofs thaw rapidly. Frequent freeze-thaw cycles in the early and late winter is associated higher loss of vegetation on green roofs.</p>
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| IMAGES?
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| </div>
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| ----
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| ===See Also=== | | ==Other freezing related concerns== |
| <ul> | | <h3>Rainwater harvesting</h3> |
| <li>[[Water Quality]]</li> | | Freezing temperatures can cause problems with pipes and cisterns exposed above the frost penetration line[http://www.raqsb.mto.gov.on.ca/techpubs/ops.nsf/0/ee1f1756eacc00e18525808200628fbf/$FILE/OPSD3090.101%20Rev%231%20Nov2010.pdf]. This maybe a significant issue for [[Rainwater Harvesting|rainwater harvesting systems]], including residential [[Rain Barrels|rain barrels]]. |
| </ul> | | <h3>Green Roofs</h3> |
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| | Somewhat counter-intuitively, the survival of green roof planting is greater in winters with long deep sub-zero temperatures. Being shallow and very exposed to warming sunlight, green roofs thaw rapidly. Frequent freeze-thaw cycles in the early and late winter is associated higher loss of vegetation on green roofs.</p> |
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