Construction: excavation and rough grade

Excavation and mass grading: excavation

Excavation to the specified depths in the drawings is critical to the LID feature’s future performance. It also requires heavy machinery which, if used incorrectly, can compact soils and lower their native infiltration rates.

Excavating from impervious surfaces adjacent to the LID practice minimizes compaction.

Construction steps

1. Mark out the limit of excavation.
2. Use predefined access routes to move heavy equipment.
3. Cut and stabilize access and staging areas.
4. Cut and stabilize channels and slopes.
5. Excavate the LID feature from the outside-in whenever possible. A standard excavator (10-45 tons) has a longer reach than mini (<6 tons) or midi excavators (6-10 tons) and can be the best choice despite its weight, since it may not need to enter into the facility’s footprint to complete the job. However, a mini excavator would be the best choice if entry into the LID feature’s footprint is necessary.
6. Excavate to within 100 mm of the final grade
7. Check grades with appropriate equipment (transit levels, etc.)
8. Stockpile materials in a designated area if it must be stored before hauling
9. When backfill materials are ready, excavate remaining 100 mm to final grade and scouring bottom if applicable using toothed bucket.

Key inspection points:

• Confirm the limit of excavation.
• Use of excavation equipment specified in the contract, in the required manner (from the outside in, with a mini excavator, etc.).
• Confirm excavated rough grade and final grade prior to backfilling using survey equipment
• Use of toothed bucket and scouring the bottom of practice if applicable
• If appropriate, measure compaction using a cone penetration test or a cone penetrometer
• If appropriate, field verify infiltration rates at excavated bottom of practice using Guelph permeameter or double ring infiltrometer

Mistakes to avoid:

• Making too many passes with heavy machinery within the LID footprint.
• Leaving heavy machinery within the LID’s footprint (for breaks, lunch, overnight, etc.).
• Using the wrong equipment.
• Over excavating.
• Smearing the bottom of the practice with the bucket, which can compact native soils

Low Impact Development. A stormwater management strategy that seeks to mitigate the impacts of increased urban runoff and stormwater pollution by managing it as close to its source as possible. It comprises a set of site design approaches and small scale stormwater management practices that promote the use of natural systems for infiltration and evapotranspiration, and rainwater harvesting.

A hard surface area (e.g., road, parking area or rooftop) that prevents or retards the infiltration of water into the soil.