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***[https://www.lsrca.on.ca/Shared%20Documents/Parking-Lot-Design-Guidelines/Parking-Lot-Guidelines-Salt-Reduction.pdf Parking Lot design Guidelines - Full Report]: Written in partnership with GHD the Parking Lot Design Guidelines to Promote Salt reduction is the primary document LSRCA uses to provide background on the issue of over salting roads and parking lots, primary design features for owners and contractors to consider, case study and site examples where the guidelines have been followed and Drawings of these sites that can be found on the main Parking Lot Guideline landing page.
***[https://www.lsrca.on.ca/Shared%20Documents/Parking-Lot-Design-Guidelines/Parking-Lot-Guidelines-Salt-Reduction.pdf Parking Lot design Guidelines - Full Report]: Written in partnership with GHD the Parking Lot Design Guidelines to Promote Salt reduction is the primary document LSRCA uses to provide background on the issue of over salting roads and parking lots, primary design features for owners and contractors to consider, case study and site examples where the guidelines have been followed and Drawings of these sites that can be found on the main Parking Lot Guideline landing page.
***[https://www.lsrca.on.ca/Shared%20Documents/Parking-Lot-Design-Guidelines/Policy%20Templates.pdf Municipal Policy Template]: This template document aids municipalities in the drafting of their own parking lot design and salt reduction policy document based on the findings and design guidance from LSRCA's Parking Lot design Guidelines - Full Report, 2017.
***[https://www.lsrca.on.ca/Shared%20Documents/Parking-Lot-Design-Guidelines/Policy%20Templates.pdf Municipal Policy Template]: This template document aids municipalities in the drafting of their own parking lot design and salt reduction policy document based on the findings and design guidance from LSRCA's Parking Lot design Guidelines - Full Report, 2017.
*[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2016/01/Salt-brochures-v11.pdf Salt Application Verified Equipment Program: Managing Risk While Saving Money]<ref>STEP. 2016. Salt Application Verified Equipment Program: Managing Risk While Saving Money. Brief. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2016/01/Salt-brochures-v11.pdf</ref>
**The Salt Application Verified Equipment (SAVE) Program was developed to make the process of applying salt less subjective and encourage contractors providing snow and ice management services for parking lots and sidewalks to apply salt more efficiently. Through the program, salt spreading equipment is calibrated according to a standard test procedure, and contractors undertake in-field training to ensure familiarity with how to operate their equipment in a manner that achieves pre-determined target salt application rates. Equipment operators obtain annually renewable license and plate stickers to confirm that their equipment has been verified. The list of contractors with calibrated equipment is made available on-line for facility managers, property owners and property management companies to use in the procurement of snow and ice maintenance contracts for their properties. To learn more about the program click [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/home/urban-runoff-green-infrastructure/pollution-prevention/road-salt-management/salt-application-verified-equipment-save-program/#:~:text=The%20SAVE%20program%20was%20developed,to%20apply%20salt%20more%20efficiently Here]. And for further updates to the program's verification process visit [https://smartaboutsalt.com/Program-Verification SASC's page here].
*[https://conservationontario.ca/fileadmin/pdf/conservation_authorities_section/SWP_Combined_SVA_Document.pdf Good Practices for Winter Maintenance in Salt Vulnerable Areas]. <ref>Conservation Ontario and Ontario Good Roads Assn. 2018. Good Practices for Winter Maintenance in Salt Vulnerable Areas. June, 2018. https://conservationontario.ca/fileadmin/pdf/conservation_authorities_section/SWP_Combined_SVA_Document.pdf</ref>.
**This guidance is a living document to help address the impacts of road salt, within specific vulnerable areas, and will be reviewed every two years to remain current with technological and legislative changes. There are several types of ‘salt vulnerable areas’, with various environment and human health goals including drinking water quality, wetland health, and fisheries that are identified within the document. This guidance currently prioritizes certain areas where municipal drinking water sources are known to be impacted by road salt, know as, ‘Issue Contributing Areas’ (ICAs) delineated under the Clean Water Act (2006).
*[https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/p-tr1-10.pdf Winter Parking Lot and Sidewalk Maintenance Manual]<ref>Minnesota Pollution Control Agency. 2015. Winter Parking Lot and Sidewalk Maintenance Manual: Reducing Environmental Impacts of Chloride. Third Revision. p-tr1-10. https://www.pca.state.mn.us/sites/default/files/p-tr1-10.pdf.</ref>
**The purpose of this manual By the Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) is to deliver practical advice to those managing parking lots and sidewalks and help make proactive, cost-effective, environmentally conscious choices in winter parking lot and sidewalk management in the State of Minnesota. This knowledge will provide the opportunity to become a leader in the industry by operating more efficiently and reducing environmental impacts. The manual is based on the Minnesota Snow and Ice Control Field Handbook for Snowplow Operators, produced by the Minnesota Local Technical Assistance Program Center, and on the training materials for the MPCA's Winter Maintenance of Parking Lots and Sidewalks training class.
*[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331991752_A_review_of_the_species_community_and_ecosystem_impacts_of_road_salt_salinisation_in_fresh_waters A review of the species, community, and ecosystem impacts of road salt salinisation in fresh waters]. <ref>Hintz, W.D. and Relyea, R.A. 2019. A review of the species, community, and ecosystem impacts of road salt salinisation in fresh waters. Freshwater biology, 64(6), pp.1081-1097. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331991752_A_review_of_the_species_community_and_ecosystem_impacts_of_road_salt_salinisation_in_fresh_waters</ref>.
**This review study of the impacts of road salt on local ecosystems by Hintz and Relyea (2019), found that road salts negatively affect species at all trophic levels, from biofilms to fish species but the concentration of road salt where adverse effects were observed varied and the effects themselves ranged from reductions in fecundity, size and shape to alterations to nutrient and energy flow at an ecosystem level and increased greenhouse gas emissions from contaminated wetlands and altered hydrology and oxygen, nitrogen and carbon level dynamics in lakes and streams. concentration at which road salt triggered an effect varied considerably. To read mroe about their findings, click the link above.
*[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2014/05/CWQG_chlorides.pdf Chloride - Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life]<ref>Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 2011. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Chloride. In: Canadian environmental quality guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2014/05/CWQG_chlorides.pdf</ref>.
**This guideline from the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) is intended to protect against direct toxic effects of chloride, based on studies using NaCl and CaCl<sup>2</sup> salts. The guideline should be used as a screening and management tool to ensure that chloride does not lead to the degradation of the aquatic environment. Further guidance on the application of these guidelines is provided in the scientific criteria document (CCME 2011), which can be found here - [https://www.ccme.ca/fr/res/2011-chloride-ceqg-scd-1460-en.pdf Scientific Criteria Document - Cl Ion].
*[https://www.hamilton.ca/sites/default/files/media/browser/2022-01-17/coh-salt-management-plan2021.pdf Hamilton Salt Management Plan]<ref>City of Hamilton. 2021. 2021 Salt Management Plan. https://www.hamilton.ca/sites/default/files/media/browser/2022-01-17/coh-salt-management-plan2021.pdf</ref>.
**The City of Hamilton's 2021 Salt Management Plan is intended to set out a policy and procedural framework for ensuring that the Municipality continuously improves the management of road salt used in its winter maintenance operations. The plan is dynamic and allows the City to phase in new approaches and technologies in a way that is responsive to fiscal demands and the need to ensure that roadway safety is not compromised. To read more about the City's finalized plan that compares it's current practices to BMPs, opportunities for improvement and achievement metrics which can be replicated fore other Ontario municipalities click the link above.
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