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*[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Alternatives-to-salt-technical-brief.pdf STEP Technical Brief: Alternatives to Salt]<ref>STEP. 2020. Alternatives to Salt: What else melts snow and ice? Technical Brief. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Alternatives-to-salt-technical-brief.pdf</ref>
*[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Alternatives-to-salt-technical-brief.pdf STEP Technical Brief: Alternatives to Salt]<ref>STEP. 2020. Alternatives to Salt: What else melts snow and ice? Technical Brief. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Alternatives-to-salt-technical-brief.pdf</ref>
**STEP released a technical brief on the alternatives to municipalities across Canada using salt as their primary deicer agent in winter, which has significant impacts (corrosion of infrastructure and other metal structures such as railings and doorways; damage to vehicles; contamination of surface and groundwater; impacts to roadside vegetation; increased wildlife collision rates; and large amounts of product waste due to blowing or bouncing off roadways). Numerous alternatives were tested to see what could feasibly replace the overreliance on rock salt which at a high-level include: chloride deicers, acetate deicers, and agricultural by-products (organics). Read more about the benefits, drawbacks, cost estimates and lowest working temperature for a given deicing agent.
**STEP released a technical brief on the alternatives to municipalities across Canada using salt as their primary deicer agent in winter, which has significant impacts (corrosion of infrastructure and other metal structures such as railings and doorways; damage to vehicles; contamination of surface and groundwater; impacts to roadside vegetation; increased wildlife collision rates; and large amounts of product waste due to blowing or bouncing off roadways). Numerous alternatives were tested to see what could feasibly replace the overreliance on rock salt which at a high-level include: chloride deicers, acetate deicers, and agricultural by-products (organics). Read more about the benefits, drawbacks, cost estimates and lowest working temperature for a given deicing agent.
*[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2019/06/Procurement-Guidance-Parking-Lot-Snow-and-Ice-Mgmt.pdf Procurement Guidance for Parking Lot Snow and Ice Management]<ref>STEP. 2019. Procurement Guidance for Parking Lot Snow and Ice Management. Version 2.0 https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2019/06/Procurement-Guidance-Parking-Lot-Snow-and-Ice-Mgmt.pdf</ref>
**STEP released a guidance document aimed at property owners, businesses and contractors to better understand their control over how much salt is applied through their snow and ice management contracts, and the diligence with which they manage and oversee these contracts. In this document, STEP describes various clauses and conditions that can be considered by these groups to be included in contracts to promote the responsible use of road salts. A summary of the measures are provided in with estimates of the impact on salt use, and the potential influence these may have on contract costs.
*[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2021/05/Friction-and-Parking-Lots.pdf LSRCA Technical Bulletin: Alternatives to Salt]<ref>LSRCA. 2020. Friction and Parking Lots. Technical Bulletin, Volume 3 September 2020. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2021/05/Friction-and-Parking-Lots.pdf</ref>
*[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2021/05/Friction-and-Parking-Lots.pdf LSRCA Technical Bulletin: Alternatives to Salt]<ref>LSRCA. 2020. Friction and Parking Lots. Technical Bulletin, Volume 3 September 2020. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2021/05/Friction-and-Parking-Lots.pdf</ref>
**LSRCA staff highlight in this brief about some BMPs have been developed specifically for winter maintenance in parking lots. Along with recommendations around the proper use and calibration of equipment, many of these practices relate to plowing the lot and walkways before applying salt, and applying the recommended amount of salt for the conditions. Several studies have been conducted, by industry and academia, to determine what the “right” amount is, and, while “proper” application can vary depending on temperature and conditions. This report talks about main considerations contractors face in maintaining parking lots in winter:
**LSRCA staff highlight in this brief about some BMPs have been developed specifically for winter maintenance in parking lots. Along with recommendations around the proper use and calibration of equipment, many of these practices relate to plowing the lot and walkways before applying salt, and applying the recommended amount of salt for the conditions. Several studies have been conducted, by industry and academia, to determine what the “right” amount is, and, while “proper” application can vary depending on temperature and conditions. This report talks about main considerations contractors face in maintaining parking lots in winter:
*[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Sand-vs-Salt-tech-brief.pdf LSRCA Technical Bulletin: Sand versus Salt] <ref>LSRCA. 2018. Sand versus Salt: Should sand be used for winter maintenance? Technical Bulletin, Volume 1 October 2018. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Sand-vs-Salt-tech-brief.pdf</ref>
*[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Sand-vs-Salt-tech-brief.pdf LSRCA Technical Bulletin: Sand versus Salt] <ref>LSRCA. 2018. Sand versus Salt: Should sand be used for winter maintenance? Technical Bulletin, Volume 1 October 2018. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Sand-vs-Salt-tech-brief.pdf</ref>
**CVC developed a technical brief exploring the efficacy of the use of sand for winter maintenance, its associated environmental issues, and where its use is most appropriate. Sand although a known and regularly used alternative in some jurisdictions, tends to have additional costs and limited effectiveness when compared to rock salt. To read about these costs, effectiveness concerns and additional environmental impacts click the link to the technical bulletin above.
**CVC developed a technical brief exploring the efficacy of the use of sand for winter maintenance, its associated environmental issues, and where its use is most appropriate. Sand although a known and regularly used alternative in some jurisdictions, tends to have additional costs and limited effectiveness when compared to rock salt. To read about these costs, effectiveness concerns and additional environmental impacts click the link to the technical bulletin above.
*[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2015/11/AlternativeSalt_TechBrief_Nov2015.pdf Evaluation of Organic Anti-icing Materials for Winter Maintenance]. <ref>STEP. 2015. Evaluation of Organic Anti-icing Materials for Winter Maintenance. Technical Brief. Salt Management. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2015/11/AlternativeSalt_TechBrief_Nov2015.pdf</ref>
**This study compares the performance of liquid road salt (brine) to three types of organic/semi-organic alternatives applied on a university parking lot in Waterloo, Ontario. Products are evaluated as anti-icers (applied pre-snowfall) based on the coefficient of friction (CoF). The results indicate that in general, anti-icing treatments improved friction levels by 10-40% relative to a control without any application of anti-icers. Despite containing less chloride, the organic and semi-organic products performed as well as traditional sodium chloride brine at similar application rates. Although organic anti-icers contributed less chloride into receiving streams, they contain higher concentrations of nutrients and organic content, which may limit their applicability in some context. To read more about these salt alternatives click the link above.
*[https://www.lsrca.on.ca/parking-lot-guidelines LSRCA's Parking Lot Design Guidelines] <ref>LSRCA. n.d. Parking Lot Design Guidelines. Webpage. Accessed 25, Mar. 25. 2022. https://www.lsrca.on.ca/parking-lot-guidelines</ref>
**LSRCA has created a landing page with their partners, which include three key documents:
***[https://www.lsrca.on.ca/Shared%20Documents/Parking-Lot-Design-Guidelines/Parking%20Lot%20Design%20Guidelines.pdf Fact Sheet - Parking Lot Guidelines]: Highlights the impacts of elevated chloride levels in freshwater systems in the Lake Simcoe watershed and detailed, bullet-point descriptions of how to design parking lots to limit over application of rock salt.
***[https://www.lsrca.on.ca/Shared%20Documents/Parking-Lot-Design-Guidelines/Parking-Lot-Guidelines-Salt-Reduction.pdf Parking Lot design Guidelines - Full Report]: Written in partnership with GHD the Parking Lot Design Guidelines to Promote Salt reduction is the primary document LSRCA uses to provide background on the issue of over salting roads and parking lots, primary design features for owners and contractors to consider, case study and site examples where the guidelines have been followed and Drawings of these sites that can be found on the main Parking Lot Guideline landing page.
***[https://www.lsrca.on.ca/Shared%20Documents/Parking-Lot-Design-Guidelines/Policy%20Templates.pdf Municipal Policy Template]: This template document aids municipalities in the drafting of their own parking lot design and salt reduction policy document based on the findings and design guidance from LSRCA's Parking Lot design Guidelines - Full Report, 2017.