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|style="text-align: center;" |King City, Ontario
|style="text-align: center;" |King City, Ontario
|style="text-align: center;" |'''<u><span title="Note: In this study, there was no underdrain in the pavement base, but an underdrain was located 1 m below the native soils to allow for sampling of infiltrated water. Temporary water storage fluctuations in the base were similar to those expected in a no underdrain design." >99%*</span></u>'''
|style="text-align: center;" |'''<u><span title="Note: In this study, there was no underdrain in the pavement base, but an underdrain was located 1 m below the native soils to allow for sampling of infiltrated water. Temporary water storage fluctuations in the base were similar to those expected in a no underdrain design." >99%*</span></u>'''
|style="text-align: center;" |[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2013/03/PP_FactsheetSept2011-compressed.pdf/ TRCA (2008b)]
|style="text-align: center;" |[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2013/03/PP_FactsheetSept2011-compressed.pdf/ TRCA (2008)]
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|rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | Permeable pavement with underdrain
|rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | Permeable pavement with underdrain
Like other stormwater practices, the water quality performance of permeable pavements is closely tied to the reduction of runoff volumes through infiltration, However, permeable pavements are also very effective stormwater runoff filters. Most sediments and associated contaminants are trapped within the surface pores or gravel filled joints between the pavers. A five year study of three permeable pavement surfaces in Vaughan showed total suspended solids (TSS) concentration reductions between 88 and 89% [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2016/02/KPP-Ext_FinalReport_Dec2015.pdf/ (Van Seters and Drake, 2015)]. Other STEP studies in the Greater Toronto Area have displayed similar results, with only 7% of 181 permeable pavement effluent samples having TSS concentrations above 30 mg/L (median = 7 mg/L)[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2015/06/SynthesisWaterQuality_Statistics_May2015.pdf/ TRCA, 2015].
Like other stormwater practices, the water quality performance of permeable pavements is closely tied to the reduction of runoff volumes through infiltration, However, permeable pavements are also very effective stormwater runoff filters. Most sediments and associated contaminants are trapped within the surface pores or gravel filled joints between the pavers. A five year study of three permeable pavement surfaces in Vaughan showed total suspended solids (TSS) concentration reductions between 88 and 89% [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2016/02/KPP-Ext_FinalReport_Dec2015.pdf/ (Van Seters and Drake, 2015)]. Other STEP studies in the Greater Toronto Area have displayed similar results, with only 7% of 181 permeable pavement effluent samples having TSS concentrations above 30 mg/L (median = 7 mg/L)[https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2015/06/SynthesisWaterQuality_Statistics_May2015.pdf/ TRCA, 2015].
Another group of studies of permeable pavements examines the quality of water infiltrated through soils beneath the installations. In these studies the quality of infiltrated water is used as a measure of the potential for contamination of groundwater. One such study of a permeable interlocking concrete pavement installed in a college parking lot in King City, Ontario, showed that stormwater infiltrated through a 60 cm granular reservoir and 1 metre of native soil had significantly lower concentrations of several typical parking lot contaminants relative to runoff from an adjacent asphalt surface [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2013/03/PP_FactsheetSept2011-compressed.pdf/ TRCA, 2008b]. These results are consistent with research on the quality of infiltrated water from permeable pavements in Washington<ref name="example2" /> and Pennsylvannia<ref name="example1" />. As with all stormwater infiltration practices, risk of groundwater contamination from infiltration of runoff laden with road de-icing salt constituents (typically sodium and chloride) may be a concern in lands designated as source protection areas. Chloride ions are extremely mobile in the soil and are readily transported by percolating water to aquifers.
Another group of studies of permeable pavements examines the quality of water infiltrated through soils beneath the installations. In these studies the quality of infiltrated water is used as a measure of the potential for contamination of groundwater. One such study of a permeable interlocking concrete pavement installed in a college parking lot in King City, Ontario, showed that stormwater infiltrated through a 60 cm granular reservoir and 1 metre of native soil had significantly lower concentrations of several typical parking lot contaminants relative to runoff from an adjacent asphalt surface [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2013/03/PP_FactsheetSept2011-compressed.pdf/ (TRCA, 2008)]. These results are consistent with research on the quality of infiltrated water from permeable pavements in Washington<ref name="example2" /> and Pennsylvannia<ref name="example1" />. As with all stormwater infiltration practices, risk of groundwater contamination from infiltration of runoff laden with road de-icing salt constituents (typically sodium and chloride) may be a concern in lands designated as source protection areas. Chloride ions are extremely mobile in the soil and are readily transported by percolating water to aquifers.
===Stream Channel Erosion===
===Stream Channel Erosion===
Permeable pavements help address stream erosion and flood flows by attenuating peak flows through temporary storage and release. A STEP study in Vaughan showed a 91% peak flow reduction due in part to flow restriction on the underdrain [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2016/02/KPP-Ext_FinalReport_Dec2015.pdf/ (Van Seters and Drake, 2015)]. A later study of three permeable pavements in a parking lot in Mississauga showed peak flow reductions between 39 and 84% for events greater than 25 mm (CVC, 2018).
Permeable pavements help address stream erosion and flood flows by attenuating peak flows through temporary storage and release. A STEP study in Vaughan showed a 91% peak flow reduction due in part to flow restriction on the underdrain [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2016/02/KPP-Ext_FinalReport_Dec2015.pdf/ (Van Seters and Drake, 2015)]. A later study of three permeable pavements in a parking lot in Mississauga showed peak flow reductions between 39 and 84% for events greater than 25 mm [https://cvc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/IMAX-Low-Impact-Development-Monitoring-Case-Study-may-24.pdf/ (CVC, 2018)].
===Other Benefits===
* ''Winter Performance:'' Snow plow and deicing costs are reduced due to rapid drainage of snow melt. Puddling on parking lots is also reduced. A two year study of PICP in Vaughan found that the PICP provides equivalent or higher levels of safety compared with asphalt when treated with de-icing products at medium (0.049 kg/m2) or low (0.024 kg/m2) salt application rates<ref>Marvin, J., Scott, J., Van Seters, T., Bowers, B., Drake, J. Winter Maintenance of Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement: Evaluating Opportunities to Reduce Road Salt Pollution and Improve Winter Safety, submitted to Transportation Research Record May 2020, under review</ref>
*''Urban Heat Island Effect Reduction:'' Porous materials have less thermal conductivity and thermal capacity than traditional impervious pavement, thereby reducing the urban heat island effect <ref name="example3">Ferguson, B.K. 2005. Porous Pavements. Integrative Studies in Water Management and Land Development. Taylor and Francis: New York.</ref>. Year round measurements of asphalt and PICP surface temperatures in King City, Ontario showed asphalt temperatures above 20°C approximately 12% more often than the adjacent permeable pavers [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2013/03/PP_FactsheetSept2011-compressed.pdf/ (TRCA, 2008)].
*''Improved Street Tree Health:'' Permeable pavements installed around tree planting zones in hardscapes help provide air and water to root systems, thereby contributing to healthier, longer lasting trees that require less manual irrigation.
*''Quiet Streets:'' Porous asphalt surfaces absorb sound energy and dissipate air pressure around tires before any noise is generated. Tire noise is lower in loudness and pitch for a porous surface than a corresponding dense pavement <ref name="example3" />. Segmented pavers do not share this benefit and are generally noisier than asphalt roads.
*LEED Credits: Permeable pavement has the potential for earning Canadian Green Building Council LEED sustainable sites credits for reducing stormwater pollution and runoff, urban heat island mitigation, and conservation of materials and resources.
==Proprietary Links==
==Proprietary Links==
{{:Disclaimer}}
{{:Disclaimer}}
*[http://nilex.com/products/pavedrain Pavedrain, distributed by Nilex]
*[http://nilex.com/products/pavedrain Pavedrain, distributed by Nilex]
*[http://santerrastonecraft.com/landscape/paving-stones/terra-flo Terra flo, Santerra]
*[http://santerrastonecraft.com/landscape/paving-stones/terra-flo Terra flo, Santerra]
*[https://permacon.ca/en/ Various Products, Permacon]
===Pre-cast pervious===
===Pre-cast pervious===
*[https://www.hahnplastics.com/ca/products/ground-reinforcement-and-surfaces/hanpave/ Hanpave]
*[https://www.hahnplastics.com/ca/products/ground-reinforcement-and-surfaces/hanpave/ Hanpave]
*[https://www.hahnplastics.com/ca/products/ground-reinforcement-and-surfaces/heavy-duty-ground-grid/ HAHN heavy duty ground grid]
*[https://www.hahnplastics.com/ca/products/ground-reinforcement-and-surfaces/heavy-duty-ground-grid/ HAHN heavy duty ground grid]
*[https://permacon.ca/en/ Permacon]
==Gallery==
==Gallery==
{{:Permeable paving: Gallery}}
{{:Permeable paving: Gallery}}
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