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→Temperature Target Selection
Since urban runoff volumes often increase by 2 to 5 times after development, and stormwater pond effluent temperatures are between 4 and 11°C warmer than pond influent temperatures in the summer, the overall thermal load increases to streams can be very significant ([https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2019/04/Thermal-Synthesis-Final.pdf Van Seters ''et al''. 2019]).<ref>Van Seters, T., Graham, C., Dougherty, J., Jacob-Okor, C., and David, Y. 2019. Data Synthesis and Design Considerations for Stormwater Thermal Mitigation Measures. Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program. Ontario. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2019/04/Thermal-Synthesis-Final.pdf</ref>
Since urban runoff volumes often increase by 2 to 5 times after development, and stormwater pond effluent temperatures are between 4 and 11°C warmer than pond influent temperatures in the summer, the overall thermal load increases to streams can be very significant ([https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2019/04/Thermal-Synthesis-Final.pdf Van Seters ''et al''. 2019]).<ref>Van Seters, T., Graham, C., Dougherty, J., Jacob-Okor, C., and David, Y. 2019. Data Synthesis and Design Considerations for Stormwater Thermal Mitigation Measures. Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program. Ontario. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2019/04/Thermal-Synthesis-Final.pdf</ref>
==Temperature Target Selection==
==Temperature Target Selection==
Setting a stream temperature threshold for the protection of aquatic life can be based on:
#Matching the water temperature regime of either a known pre-development thermal condition or the thermal condition of an undisturbed stream with similar characteristics; and,
#Meeting the upper tolerance of one or more target aquatic species.
==Thermal Mitigation Techniques==
==Thermal Mitigation Techniques==