Changes

The general issues with sand are that:

The general issues with sand are that:

*Most sand applied blows off the road within relatively few (e.g. 8-12) vehicle passes at speeds over 40 km/hr (general speed limits of most municipal subdivision streets); rendering any improvement in friction temporary, at best.  

*Most sand applied blows off the road within relatively few (e.g. 8-12) vehicle passes at speeds over 40 km/hr (general speed limits of most municipal subdivision streets); rendering any improvement in friction temporary, at best.  

*Pre-wetting can held sand adhere to the road, but there is little to no increase in its friction coefficient even with this pretreatment approach.  

*Pre-wetting can help sand adhere to the road, but there is little to no increase in its friction coefficient even with this pretreatment approach.  

*When sand mixes with melting snow it doesn't embed itself in the snow but rather becomes more of a slushy mixture that accumulates on the side of roads, or worse within SWM features (catch basins, stormwater ponds, etc.).  

*When sand mixes with melting snow it doesn't embed itself in the snow but rather becomes more of a slushy mixture that accumulates on the side of roads, or worse within SWM features (catch basins, stormwater ponds, etc.).  

**The associated cost municipalities incur are due to additional effort and the cost of sweeping up this material at the end of the season to reduce the environmental impacts.

**The associated cost municipalities incur as a result of sand accumulation along roadways, curbsides and in SWM features are due to the additional effort required (more frequent catchbasin cleanouts, etc.) and the cost of sweeping up this material at the end of each winter season to reduce ongoing environmental impacts.

*Due to contamination of the sand, disposal is becoming a more complicated, and therefore costly process that fewer and fewer municipalities are adopting.

*Due to contamination of sand, disposal is becoming a more complicated, and therefore costly process causing a number of municipalities to re-evaluate their winter maintenance programs, when it comes to using sand.

To read more about [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Sand-vs-Salt-tech-brief.pdf LSRCA's Technical Bulletin: Sand versus Salt]<ref>LSRCA. 2018. Sand versus Salt: Should sand be used for winter maintenance? Technical Bulletin, Volume 1 October 2018. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Sand-vs-Salt-tech-brief.pdf</ref>

To read more about [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Sand-vs-Salt-tech-brief.pdf LSRCA's Technical Bulletin: Sand versus Salt]<ref>LSRCA. 2018. Sand versus Salt: Should sand be used for winter maintenance? Technical Bulletin, Volume 1 October 2018. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2020/03/Sand-vs-Salt-tech-brief.pdf</ref>