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|'''Double Ring Infiltrometer''' (constant head)

|'''Double Ring Infiltrometer''' (constant head)

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*The double-ring infiltrometer (See photo example - Source: TRCA, 2012) is made of two concentric tubes typically of thin metal or hard plastic, that are both continuously filled with water such that a constant water level is maintained as water infiltrates into the soil (ASTM International, 2005<ref>ASTM International. 2005. Sealed Double-Ring Infiltrometers for Estimating Very Low Hydraulic Conductivities. Volume 28, Issue 3. CODEN: GTJODJ. Published Online: 30 March 2005. DOI: 10.1520/GTJ12447. https://www.astm.org/gtj12447.html</ref>). The rate at which water is added to the centre tube is measured to determine the infiltration rate. For detailed guidance on how to perform the testing, refer to ASTM D3385-09 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer (ASTM International, 2018<ref>ASTM International. 2018. Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer. Volume 4, Issue 8. Published Online:  11 April, 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D3385-09. https://www.astm.org/d3385-09.html</ref>) and ASTM D5093-15 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring (ASTM International, 2018<ref>ASTM International. 2018. Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Infiltration Rate Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring. Volume 4, Issue 8. Published Online: 17 April, 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D5093-15. https://www.astm.org/d5093-15.html</ref> <br>

*The double-ring infiltrometer (See photo example - Source: TRCA, 2012) is made of two concentric tubes typically of thin metal or hard plastic, that are both continuously filled with water such that a constant water level is maintained as water infiltrates into the soil (ASTM International, 2005<ref>ASTM International. 2005. Sealed Double-Ring Infiltrometers for Estimating Very Low Hydraulic Conductivities. Volume 28, Issue 3. CODEN: GTJODJ. Published Online: 30 March 2005. DOI: 10.1520/GTJ12447. https://www.astm.org/gtj12447.html</ref>). The rate at which water is added to the centre tube is measured to determine the infiltration rate. For detailed guidance on how to perform the testing, refer to ASTM D3385-09 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer (ASTM International, 2018<ref>ASTM International. 2018. Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer. Book of Standards Volume: 04.08. Published Online:  11 April, 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D3385-09. https://www.astm.org/d3385-09.html</ref>) and ASTM D5093-15 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of Soils in Field Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring (ASTM International, 2018<ref>ASTM International. 2018. Standard Test Method for Field Measurement of Infiltration Rate Using Double-Ring Infiltrometer with Sealed-Inner Ring. Book of Standards Volume: 04.08 Published Online: 17 April, 2018. DOI: 10.1520/D5093-15. https://www.astm.org/d5093-15.html</ref> <br>

*Accuracy is only moderate relative to permeameter methods (ASTM International, 2010<ref>ASTM International, 2010. Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter. Volume 4, Issue 8. Published Online: 31 December, 2010. DOI: 10.1520/D5084-03. https://www.astm.org/d5084-03.html</ref>) and results tend to be biased towards higher values due to lateral flow. Potentially requires large volume of water and significant length of time for each measurement to reach steady state.  

*Accuracy is only moderate relative to permeameter methods (ASTM International, 2010<ref>ASTM International, 2010. Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible Wall Permeameter. Book of Standards Volume: 04.08. Published Online: 31 December, 2010. DOI: 10.1520/D5084-03. https://www.astm.org/d5084-03.html</ref>) and results tend to be biased towards higher values due to lateral flow. Potentially requires large volume of water and significant length of time for each measurement to reach steady state.  

|[[File:Double ring infilt.PNG|350px]]

|[[File:Double ring infilt.PNG|350px]]

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|'''Single Ring Infiltrometer''' (constant or falling head)

|'''Single Ring Infiltrometer''' (constant or falling head)

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*Similar to the double-ring infiltrometer, except with only one ring (See photo example - Source: Werner, 2010<ref>Werner, A. 2010. File:Single ring.JPG. Original upload December 21, 2005. Author: Soil Physics at English Wikipedia. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Single_ring.JPG.</ref>) Can be used to measure the vertical movement of water through a soil or permeable pavement. The standard design is a ring that is 30 cm in diameter and 20 cm tall, driven 5 cm into the soil or sealed to the surface of a permeable pavement and filled with water (Klute, 1986). For detailed guidance on how to perform the testing on permeable interlocking pavers, follow the procedure provided by ASTM C1781_C1781M – 15 (ASTM International, 2015). For pervious concrete or porous asphalt, follow the procedure provided by ASTM C1701_C1701M – 09 (ASTM International, 2009). <br>

*Similar to the double-ring infiltrometer, except with only one ring (See photo example - Source: Werner, 2010<ref>Werner, A. 2010. File:Single ring.JPG. Original upload December 21, 2005. Author: Soil Physics at English Wikipedia. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Single_ring.JPG.</ref>) Can be used to measure the vertical movement of water through a soil or permeable pavement. The standard design is a ring that is 30 cm in diameter and 20 cm tall, driven 5 cm into the soil or sealed to the surface of a permeable pavement and filled with water (Klute, 1986<ref>Klute, A. 1986. Methods of soil analysis, Part I. Physical and mineralogical methods, 2nd edition. Soil

Science Society of America. Madison, WI. https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.2136/sssabookser5.1.2ed). For detailed guidance on how to perform the testing on permeable interlocking pavers, follow the procedure provided by ASTM C1781_C1781M – 15 (ASTM International, 2015<ref>ASTM International, 2015. Standard Test Method for Surface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Unit Pavement Systems. Book of Standards Volume: 04.05. Published Online: 27 December, 2018. DOI: 10.1520/C1781_C1781M-15. https://www.astm.org/c1781_c1781m-15.html</ref>). For pervious concrete or porous asphalt, follow the procedure provided by ASTM C1701_C1701M – 09 (ASTM International, 2009<ref>ASTM. 2009. Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete. Book of Standards Volume: 04.02. Published Online: 17 March, 2017. DOI: 10.1520/C1701_C1701M-09. https://www.astm.org/c1701_c1701m-09.html</ref>). <br>

*Accuracy for soil testing is only moderate relative to permeameter methods (ASTM International, 2010) and results tend to be biased towards higher values due to lateral flow. Potentially requires large volume of water and significant length of time for each measurement to reach steady state when used for soil testing.  

*Accuracy for soil testing is only moderate relative to permeameter methods (ASTM International, 2010) and results tend to be biased towards higher values due to lateral flow. Potentially requires large volume of water and significant length of time for each measurement to reach steady state when used for soil testing.