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===Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life===
===Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life===
The [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2014/05/CWQG_chlorides.pdf Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life]<ref>Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 2011. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Chloride. In: Canadian environmental quality guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2014/05/CWQG_chlorides.pdf</ref> document from the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) is another valuable paper that discusses the direct toxic effects of chloride, based on studies using NaCl and CaCl<sup>2</sup> salts. The guideline can be used as a screening and management tool to ensure that chloride does not lead to the degradation of the aquatic environment. Further guidance on the application of these guidelines is provided in the scientific criteria document (CCME 2011), which can be found here - [https://www.ccme.ca/fr/res/2011-chloride-ceqg-scd-1460-en.pdf Scientific Criteria Document - Cl Ion]. Both documents developed chloride toxicity thresholds for protection of aquatic in 2011 based on a comprehensive scientific review.
The [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2014/05/CWQG_chlorides.pdf Canadian Water Quality Guidelines for the Protection of Aquatic Life]<ref>Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment. 2011. Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: Chloride. In: Canadian environmental quality guidelines, 1999, Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, Winnipeg. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2014/05/CWQG_chlorides.pdf</ref> document from the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) is another valuable paper that discusses the direct toxic effects of chloride, based on studies using NaCl and CaCl<sup>2</sup> salts. The guideline can be used as a screening and management tool to ensure that chloride does not lead to the degradation of the aquatic environment. Further guidance on the application of these guidelines is provided in the scientific criteria document (CCME 2011), which can be found here - [https://www.ccme.ca/fr/res/2011-chloride-ceqg-scd-1460-en.pdf Scientific Criteria Document - Cl Ion]. Both documents developed chloride toxicity thresholds for protection of aquatic in 2011 based on a comprehensive scientific review.
==Salt & LID==
==Salt & LID==
[[File:Bypass bioretention.png|thumb|250px|Example of a bypass in use to limit runoff from entering into a [[bioretention]] cell BMP. (Photo Source: TRCA, 2021)]]
[[File:Bypass bioretention.png|thumb|250px|Example of a bypass in use to limit runoff from entering into a [[bioretention]] cell BMP. (Photo Source: TRCA, 2021)]]
[[File:LID Salt reduction.png|thumb|700px|The above graph shows research conducted by the STEP group comparing chloride level discharges between asphalt, and two commonly used LID practices ([[Permeable pavement]] and [[Bioretention]]). The results show that asphalt releases salt in concentrated bursts during winter whereas the LIDs release it more gradually over the entire year.]]
[[File:LID Salt reduction.png|thumb|700px|The above graph shows research conducted by the STEP group comparing chloride level discharges between asphalt, and two commonly used LID practices ([[Permeable pavement]] and [[Bioretention]]). The results show that asphalt releases salt in concentrated bursts during winter whereas the LIDs release it more gradually over the entire year.]]
[[Permeable pavements]] can improve drainage and prevent melt water from ponding and refreezing. Some permeable pavements also have higher friction coefficients that may reduce the amount of salt needed to create slip-free surfaces.
[[Permeable pavements]] can improve drainage and prevent melt water from ponding and refreezing. Some permeable pavements also have higher friction coefficients that may reduce the amount of salt needed to create slip-free surfaces.
==Salt Reduction Best Practices==
Since salt is not removed by traditional best practices, reducing application rates to only what is needed to achieve pavement safety requirements is the best means of managing impacts of salt on the environment and infrastructure. Pavement friction testing has shown that salting beyond the required amount does not translate into improved safety: [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2021/05/Friction-and-Parking-Lots.pdf LSRCA's Technical Bulletin: Alternatives to Salt].<ref>LSRCA. 2020. Friction and Parking Lots. Technical Bulletin, Volume 3 September 2020. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2021/05/Friction-and-Parking-Lots.pdf</ref>
A review of salt management best practices for parking lots, private drives and walkways is provided by [https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2022/04/Snow-and-Ice-Control-BMPs-for-Parking-lots-and-Sidewalks.pdf STEP (2022)]<ref>Van Seters, T. 2022. Review of Snow and Ice Control Practices on Parking Lots and Walkways. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, Sustainable Technologies Evaluation Program. Ontario. https://sustainabletechnologies.ca/app/uploads/2022/04/Snow-and-Ice-Control-BMPs-for-Parking-lots-and-Sidewalks.pdf</ref>. The TAC Synthesis of Salt Management Best Practices (link) and Clear Roads research (link) provides best practice resources more relevant to municipalities and road authorities. The following sections outline what property owners/managers and winter maintenance professionals can do to avoid excess salting.
===Property Owners and Managers===
Property owners and managers play a critical role in creating safe winter conditions and managing the environmental impacts of winter salt on their sites. Some key activities property managers and owners can do to limit salt use without compromising safety include:
==Salt Alternatives==
==Salt Alternatives==