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***Median Total phosphorus (TP) value of outflow/effluent of stormwater from P.P is 0.10 mg/L in comparison to 0.17 mg/L influent levels. These levels are computed using the BCa bootstrap method described by Efron and Tibishirani (1993). This value is below the required federal (Environment Canada, 2004) and provincial (OMOEE, 1994) levels for TP in stormwater ((Clary et al., 2020<ref>Clary, J., Jones, J., Leisenring, M., Hobson, P. and Strecker, E. 2020. International stormwater BMP database 2020 summary statistics. Water Environment & Reuse Foundation.</ref>).
***Median Total phosphorus (TP) value of outflow/effluent of stormwater from P.P is 0.10 mg/L in comparison to 0.17 mg/L influent levels. These levels are computed using the BCa bootstrap method described by Efron and Tibishirani (1993). This value is below the required federal (Environment Canada, 2004) and provincial (OMOEE, 1994) levels for TP in stormwater ((Clary et al., 2020<ref>Clary, J., Jones, J., Leisenring, M., Hobson, P. and Strecker, E. 2020. International stormwater BMP database 2020 summary statistics. Water Environment & Reuse Foundation.</ref>).
[[File:BMP mapping tool.PNG|thumb|400px|One of STEP's sites located in Mississauga, ON. (Lakeview Neighbourhood), where P.P was installed in residential driveways. Full submission and details to the BMP can be selected on the map viewer and can be viewed [https://igeowater.com/InternationalBMPDBAssets/PDF/Description/00608--DESCP.pdf here.] (International Stormwater BM<P Database, 2021<ref>International Stormwater BMP Database. 2021. BMP Mapping Tool. Retrieved Feb. 28, 2023. https://bmpdatabase.org/bmp-mapping-tool</ref>).]]
[[File:BMP mapping tool.PNG|thumb|500px|One of STEP's sites located in Mississauga, ON. (Lakeview Neighbourhood), where P.P was installed in residential driveways. Full submission and details to the BMP can be selected on the map viewer and can be viewed [https://igeowater.com/InternationalBMPDBAssets/PDF/Description/00608--DESCP.pdf here.] (International Stormwater BM<P Database, 2021<ref>International Stormwater BMP Database. 2021. BMP Mapping Tool. Retrieved Feb. 28, 2023. https://bmpdatabase.org/bmp-mapping-tool</ref>).]]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652618335376 (Xie, et al. 2019) - Permeable concrete pavements: A review of environmental benefits and durability.]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652618335376 (Xie, et al. 2019) - Permeable concrete pavements: A review of environmental benefits and durability.]
** This literature review paper looked at a multitude of studies highlighting the numerous benefits (hydraulic/water quality performance, heat-island mitigative effects, skid resistance ability and winter durability) associated with P.P and discussed some prominent papers' results. A project in Yakima, Washington (Yakima County website, 2012<ref>Yakima County website, 2012. Regional Stormwater Management Program, Project. Low Impact Development Demonstration Project. http://www.yakimacounty. us/stormwater/LID/project.htm.</ref>) compared effluent water samples collected in vaults adjacent to two pavement types (permeable and impermeable). The water samples collected from the P.P plot had significantly lower TSS values when compared to the control, impermeable plot's samples (25 mg/L vs. 320 mg/L). Whereas, Luck et al. (2008<ref>Luck, J.D., Workman, S.R., Coyne, M.S. and Higgins, S.F. 2008. Solid material retention and nutrient reduction properties of pervious concrete mixtures. Biosystems engineering, 100(3), pp.401-408.</ref>, 2009<ref>Luck, J.D., Workman, S.R., Coyne, M.S. and Higgins, S.F. 2009. Consequences of manure filtration through pervious concrete during simulated rainfall events. Biosystems Engineering, 102(4), pp.417-423.</ref>) found P.P to exhibit excellent mitigating characteristics for intensive, nearby agricultural practices (composted beef cattle manure) to help limit the amount of soluble phosphorus and total phosphorus in stormwater runoff (Xie, et al. 2019<ref>Xie, N., Akin, M. and Shi, X., 2019. Permeable concrete pavements: A review of environmental benefits and durability. Journal of cleaner production, 210, pp.1605-1621</ref>).
** This literature review paper looked at a multitude of studies highlighting the numerous benefits (hydraulic/water quality performance, heat-island mitigative effects, skid resistance ability and winter durability) associated with P.P and discussed some prominent papers' results. A project in Yakima, Washington (Yakima County website, 2012<ref>Yakima County website, 2012. Regional Stormwater Management Program, Project. Low Impact Development Demonstration Project. http://www.yakimacounty. us/stormwater/LID/project.htm.</ref>) compared effluent water samples collected in vaults adjacent to two pavement types (permeable and impermeable). The water samples collected from the P.P plot had significantly lower TSS values when compared to the control, impermeable plot's samples (25 mg/L vs. 320 mg/L). Whereas, Luck et al. (2008<ref>Luck, J.D., Workman, S.R., Coyne, M.S. and Higgins, S.F. 2008. Solid material retention and nutrient reduction properties of pervious concrete mixtures. Biosystems engineering, 100(3), pp.401-408.</ref>, 2009<ref>Luck, J.D., Workman, S.R., Coyne, M.S. and Higgins, S.F. 2009. Consequences of manure filtration through pervious concrete during simulated rainfall events. Biosystems Engineering, 102(4), pp.417-423.</ref>) found P.P to exhibit excellent mitigating characteristics for intensive, nearby agricultural practices (composted beef cattle manure) to help limit the amount of soluble phosphorus and total phosphorus in stormwater runoff (Xie, et al. 2019<ref>Xie, N., Akin, M. and Shi, X., 2019. Permeable concrete pavements: A review of environmental benefits and durability. Journal of cleaner production, 210, pp.1605-1621</ref>).
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135419308450 (Ostrom and Davis, 2019) - Evaluation of an enhanced treatment media and permeable pavement base to remove stormwater nitrogen, phosphorus, and metals under simulated rainfall.]
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135419308450 (Ostrom and Davis, 2019) - Evaluation of an enhanced treatment media and permeable pavement base to remove stormwater nitrogen, phosphorus, and metals under simulated rainfall.]